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bcd的最新价格多少钱一台(bcd-)

2023-05-11 16:50:12品牌问答1

bcd-

B=冰箱,C=冷藏,D=冷冻。也就是说这是一台具有冷藏冷冻功能的冰箱,如果是BC-xxx的话,就是说这台冰箱只具有冷藏功能。

国产电冰箱按不同用途,可分为三大类,每一大类用代号表示如下:

C:表示家用冷藏电冰箱,即单门电冰箱。

CD:表示家用冷藏、冷冻电冰箱,即双门和双门以上的电冰箱。

D:表示家用冷冻电冰箱,即冰柜。

例如:海尔BCD-182,其型号的含义表示为海尔牌家用双门(冷藏、冷冻)电冰箱,箱内总有效容积为182升。BD表示为冷冻系列冰箱;BC表示为冷藏系列冰箱;如为无霜型电冰箱,则在容积后用W注明。例:BCD-121W。如BCD-120A,则在容积后的字母A、B、C等,表示为此冰箱是第几次改进。

扩展资料

冰箱的常识:

1.风冷与直冷的分界点在300升左右,大容积多间室风冷有优势。

2.容积大,间室多,风冷在冷量分配上有绝对优势。如果采用直冷将有技术上的障碍,很不容易实现。直冷间室做到3个基本到了极限,如想做更多间室,将牺牲一些性能。因此看到市面上的某些大容积多间室(甚至是抽屉门)的直冷冰箱,千万不要相信它。这种产品市面上并不少见,多集中在小品牌的产品,主销三,四级市场。一些大城市的周边和家电批发市场也可见到。

3.风冷冰箱由于多了风扇的送风,所以冰箱室内温度比较平均,没有很大的温度变化,制冷效果也自然比较出色,不过同样考虑到风扇的作用和复杂的线路设计,风冷式冰箱在能源消耗和噪音方面相比于直冷式冰箱要高了不少。

4.直冷式由于没有电风扇,不会产生额外的噪声和耗电,同时也不会在食物表面由于吹风而引起干燥现象。

5. 风冷由于是冷空气强制循环,因此冷却速度快,温度均衡性好,这是它的固有优点,直冷无法比拟。而直冷由于靠自然对流,因此温度均衡相对差一些,冷却速度也相对低些。

6.风冷固有的化霜周期、风扇和内部的多个补偿加热器,导致耗电量和噪音均高于直冷冰箱,所以相似情况下风冷肯定在这两项上没有优势,看看国家和国际的冰箱性能和能耗等级标准就很明白这一点。因此吹嘘风冷比直冷能耗低噪音小,不过是不在同一条件下对比而已。

7.直冷的手动化霜确实讨嫌,所谓微霜设计不过是冷冻全部采用整体抽屉而已,减少开门箱内空气流动来减少结霜。即使这样一般半年也需要化霜,如果开门次数很少可延长,反之则缩短。如果门封不好或老化,结霜也会变严重。随使用时间的延长,化霜次数将增加。

8.风冷由于采用空气强制循环,因此气味将在所有间室内窜动。双系统的风冷冰箱已经开始普及,把冷冻和冷藏分开,情况要好些。

9. 风冷冰箱不断地把箱内水分带到蒸发器,化霜时再流走,带来箱内干耗,不利于保鲜,这也是风冷的固有缺点。尽管也有一些所谓的保鲜技术,不过是在小范围内(比如一个相对密封的空间),不让冷空气进入,仅仅从四周流过,空间内实际上接近自然对流,不过是小空间的直冷而已。

bcd-470wghtd5dsf

上市时间为2017年3月。

海尔冰箱基本参数如下:

产品类型:十字对开门

总容积:470L

总容积范围(L):280L以上

冷藏室容积:309L

冷藏室容积范围(L):241以上

冷冻室容积:161L

冷冻室容积范围(L):161-180

制冷方式:风冷

温控方式:电脑温控

冷冻能力:12kg/24h

气候类型:SN-N-ST-T

bcd480wbpt海尔冰箱

海尔431冰箱不错,同等容积机身更加纤薄,647MM轻松融入橱柜。90度直角悬停,自在开合,无需手扶,自由拿取食物。480L大容量,科学分区存储,两周食材轻松存放。

优化视窗比例,高清显示屏,优化视觉效果。

风冷无霜,均匀制冷,食材新鲜不结霜,无需手动除霜。双变频,低噪音,温度波动小,节能更保鲜。

bcd-218(kk22f66ti)温度设置

步骤/方式1

点击功能选择按钮,进入设置模式。

步骤/方式2

点击冷冻温度按钮调节冷冻室温度。

步骤/方式3

点击冷藏温度按钮调节冷藏室温度。

步骤/方式4

点击功能确定按钮进行确认就可以了。

bcd-500WLCFD8FVAU1

无法回答该问题因为BCD-500WLCFD8FVAU1并不是一个具体的产品或服务,也无法通过搜索引擎获得任何相关信息,因此无法确定其上市时间。如果您能提供更详细的信息或背景,我将尽力为您提供相关的帮助和信息。

bcd-505wghtd14b5u1海尔

海尔473选BCD-473WGHTDH9G9U1这个型号冰箱,是海尔最新的全变温、净味、冰饮、超薄冰箱,海尔唯一的一款带顶配EPP全空间超净系统技术的机型。

保鲜方面,阻氧干湿分储,海尔冰箱行业首创。母婴冰箱,有母婴专属空间,母婴、珍品、零度三档变温可调。

bcd610w西门子冰箱说明书

西门子的冰箱温度调节方式:如果是机械控温的冰箱,直接调节保鲜室的温控器档位即可,正常夏天调低档,1~2档;春秋调中档,3~4档;冬天调高档,5~6档,如果环境温度低于10度,要打开温室补开关。高于15度,关闭此开关即可。如果是电脑控温的冰箱,直接选“自动”模式就可以了。连续触摸“功能”选择按钮8,直到功能显示区7中的“自动”字符会被一个开口的线框环绕,再触摸”设置”按钮14,“自动”字符的右边会出现一条粗的竖线,表示已进入自动模式。进入自动模式后,冷藏室显示4℃,保鲜室显示0℃,冷冻室显示-18°℃,制冷系统将自动在这样的温度设置下运行。该答案适用于西门子BCD-610W。

bcd-603wgcrtm7s5u1

萨克斯属于一种木管乐器,但管体通常会使用黄铜来制造,使得萨克斯在声音的力度上不但具有着铜管类乐器的特性,而且在音质也有着木管乐器的特点,特别是声音上带有金属的明亮度,是其他木管乐器无法比拟的。

介绍

萨克斯有倍低音萨克斯,低音萨克斯、上低音萨克斯、次中音萨克斯、C调萨克斯、中音萨克斯、F调高音萨克斯、高音萨克斯、C调高音萨克斯、超高音萨克斯。

萨克斯有多种音域和调性,其中以中高音、中音、次中音、上低音四种最多见。 古典萨克斯以中音萨克斯为主,而在爵士乐、流行乐里是以中音次中音为主。所有的萨克斯指法基本都是一样的,吹奏可以不用指法练习就更换乐器。

组成部分

主管

脖管

笛头

哨片

哨箍

盖帽

挂带

萨克斯种类

高音萨克斯

是萨克斯家族中音调第二高的乐器,通常为降B调,仅此于超高音萨克斯(Sopranino),管的体积也是第二_小。常见的为直管,略微曲颈或类似中音萨克斯的形状。相对于黑管,高音萨克斯音量更大,更有穿透力。但由于小管身,使得高音部分更难以控制音准,较难上手。音萨克斯主要用于独奏,在木管重奏中常用来替代双簧管。著名的高音萨克斯演奏家有SidneyBechet,约翰柯川,Wayne Shorter,能等。

中音萨克斯

是最常见的萨克斯,降E调,也是应用在古典乐合奏中最多的萨克斯。于按键距离适中,气息要求和嘴部控制难度介于高音萨克斯和次中音萨克斯之间,以吸相对便宜的价格和搬运容易,成为初学者入i最常使用的萨克斯。中音萨克斯音色较次中音清亮,较高音温和。 中音萨克斯构成了管乐队萨克斯声部的最主要部分,在爵士大乐队编制中和次中音占同等重要位置。作为独奏乐器出现相对少一些。中音萨克斯是萨克斯家族最有代表性的种类。著名的中音萨克斯演奏家有爵士乐: Charlie Parker、Cannonball Adderley、Kenny Garrett。古典乐: Marcel Mule,Sigurd Rascher等。

次中音萨克斯

通常为降B调,外形比中音萨克斯稍大,弯管前端多了一个弯曲,色温和稳重。在管乐队中次中音萨克斯数量少于中音,一般作为辅助角色和小低音号和长号同样的乐谱。

而在爵士乐中次中音起核心作用。1920年代Coleman Hawkins沙哑厚重的声音重新定义了人们对次中音音色的概念。后来的约翰柯川,Stan Getz, Sonny Rollins, Michael Brecke一步一步地奠定了次中音声音的个性。

上低音萨克斯

通常为降E调,是4种中相对少见的类型。体积重量较大,近音两倍左右。很少有人它作为独奏乐器,而在萨克斯四重奏或爵士大乐队中上低音萨克斯以它低沉浑厚的音色把其它声音承托起来,以较简单的吹奏维持着音乐进行的稳定步伐。在管乐队中常和低音号类似的作用,有时让人联想起大提琴的声音。著名演奏家有Gerry Mulligan。

选购

初学萨克斯的朋友基本都是从降E中音萨克斯学起,因为中音萨克斯容易控制大小适中女老少都可以很轻松的演奏,且市面上针对初学萨克斯的教程都是中音萨克斯的教程,因此中音萨克斯以他的优势成为初学者的首选。

初学者没有必要买太好的管子,名牌并不见得好。因为进口的管子大多数也都是出口转内销的,很多所谓的国外品牌其实都在国内生产,一不心就会出高价买个山寨品。可以选择价格在2000-5000的国内品牌即可。

挑选萨克斯要看音准、密合度共振、音域质手感、镀层机械连动、空按萨克斯、按垫是不是均匀平整等等。但这对于初学者来说还是不好把握,好找专业可靠的朋友帮忙挑选。

建议先看乐器的整体造型是否合理,有些萨克斯管口部分很斜,和脖管不对称。检查每个按键的皮垫是否盖严或变形,若有盖得不严会漏气,影响发音。要试一下手感, 每个按键的弹簧是否力度适中。要看一下每个常用活动点是否严密、灵活,哨片箍是否能拧紧,不能太松。笛头部分与哨片接触处是否完整,均无瑕疵。然后最关键的是要试音色是否优美,同一价位的不同萨克斯音色都不一样。再试高音是否明亮低音是否易吹,音准是否好,有些乐器高音大都不准。再看附件是否齐全(部分配有:哨片、翻笛头、挂带等)。

乐理知识

音名

以英文字母来表示音高,称为音名。

12调全音域音名表

一、C调(*):低音234567,中音: 1234567,高音: 123456.(共19个唱名)

二、#C调($):低音1234567,中音: 1234567,高音: 12345.(共19个唱名)

三、D调(*):最低音7,低音,1234567,中音: 1234567,高音:12345.(共20个唱名)

四、E调(&):低音,67,中音:1234567,高:1234567.最高音:1234 (共20个唱名)

五、bE调(*):低音: #67中音:1#12#34#45#56#67 高音:1#2#234#45#56#67最高音:1#1234#4 (共32个唱名)

七、#F调($):低音,567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567.最高音12(共19个唱名)

八、G调(*):低音,567,中音:1234567,高音:1234567.最高音12(共19个唱名)

九、A调(&):低音,34567,中音: 1234567, 高音: 1234567.最.高音1(共20个唱名)

十、bA调(&):低音,4567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567.最高音1(共19个唱名)

十一、B调($):低音,234567,中音:1234567,高音: 123456.

十二、bB调(*):低音,34567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567. (共19个唱名)

备注

1、其中带(*)号的调号为最常用基本调号共6个大调;带(&)号的调号为次常用调号共3个。带($)号的调号为一般不常用的调号共3个调号。

2、此表中共计244个唱音。

哼唱

萨克斯吹一个音,并且几乎同时的唱这个音,同时发出两个音,严格的说不叫双音,和吼叫技巧差不多。通常称它为哼唱,又叫做唱音。

高低音区

萨克斯在日常的娱乐过程中肯定会遇到高低音转换的情况。

这里的高低音转换以是否按着泛音键来区别,一种是主旋律的高低音转换,比如中音萨克斯降E调从中音的1(不按泛音键)到2(按着泛音键)的转换,或者反之,或是吹降B调时从3或4转换到5或反过来。

另一种是装饰音的高低音转换,这个就要求更快,几乎是要在一拍之内完成。

在高低音转换时(这里的高低音转换以是否按着泛音键来区别,下同) , 为了防止吹"破”音,就要通过气息来控制,在转换音的时候把气息“弱”下来,下一个音再逐渐起来,有的时候曲子需要时,加上吐音也能解决这个问题。

升降音

各个调之间无所谓谁高谁低,只是一个八度之间的比较而已。无论是高八度或者是低八度,只要是调对了,大家就能跟伴奏。要做好这件事情,就要有一点基本的乐理知识。最起码对熟悉的曲子能简单唱谱,才能知道里面的那个音是1(dao),那个音是2(rai),那个音是3(mi)。

先确定曲子的调

边听曲子,边唱其谱,选定任何一个音比如1。用萨克斯吹一下各个音(包括半音),看哪个音是正好跟你选定的音相吻合,那么这个音的1所对应的调就是曲子的调。

如果你只熟悉少数指法,就用萨克斯吹一下你熟悉的指法的各个1,看哪个更接近。并确定曲子的那个1比你吹出来的这个1是高还是低?这样你就知道到时候调整音调的时候是应该按上升还是下降了。

音调

经过探究,萨克斯产音域从原本的两个八度和一个五度的根底上,又向上扩大了一个八度和一个四度(扩大音域属于超吹局部,没有必定的根底很难演奏)。

振动不规矩,音的上下听起来不分明,叫做“杂音”;

乐音系统:音乐中所运用的基本的乐音的总和 ;

音级:乐音系统中的各音(专指乐音);(振动起来是有规律的、单纯的,并有准确的高度(也叫音高)的音)

音列:按必定的音高关系和上下顺序,由低到高或由高到低陈列 ;

半音:乐音系统中,音高关系的最小计量单元 ;(相邻的两个音之间最小的距离)

全音:一个全音等于两个半音 ,把八度音划分为十二个音,四个相连的音之间的音程叫全音。

变化音级:将基本音级加以提高或下降得来的音;

晋级音:将基本音级提高半音,如升C、升D、相反是降职音 ;

重升音级:将基本音级提高全音,如重升C、重升D,等,反之为重降 ;

音组:乐音系统中八十多个音用来划分音分为多少组,它的标志是用小写字母并在右上方加数字“1”来表示。如:c1,d1,e1,f1,比小字一组高的各组,由低到高名为“小字二组”、“小字三组”、“小字四组”、“小字五组”。顺次写上数字“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”。比小字一组低的各组,由高到低顺次命名为“小字组”、“大字组”、“大字一组”、“大字二组”。小字组用小写字母,大字组用大写字母 ;

中心C:位于乐音系统总音到中心的小字一组的c1。每秒振动约261次 ;

定律法:断定乐音系统中各音的彻底精确高度,人们在实施中发明白种种定律法。如十二均匀律,五度相生津、纯律等 ;

十二均匀律:将一个纯八度(如c1-c2)分红十二个均等的局部 ;

等音:音高相似而记法和意思不同的音。如升C、降D,重升B,这三个音在钢琴上音高是完全相似的。但记法和意思不同。能够看出,除了升G和降A惟有一个等音外,其它各音都有两个等音 。

复合音:平常听到某一音,一般由很多个音组合而成的。它的发生是因为发音体(以弦为例)振动时,不只全段振动,它的各局部(二、三、四、五段等)也同时在振动 ;

基音:由全弦振动发生的音,听的最清楚的;

泛音:由发音体各局部振动而发生,不易被听出的;

分音:形成复合音的各音;

音域:从低音到高音,音列的总范畴 ;

音区:音域中的一局部。依据音色的不同分为高音区、中音区和低音区。小字组、小字一组、小字二组被以为是中音区,小字三,小字四,五为高音区,大字组,大字一组和二组为低音区。

姿势

1.用挂带将乐器挂在胸前,调整挂带,使其既能负担乐器的重量又能缓解手和臂的紧张程度。

2.站立演奏时,两腿同肩宽,坐着演奏时,两腿打开稍向外,呈九十度弓形触地,身体要自然挺直,背、胸、腰、腹不可弯曲。(新手不建议坐姿演奏萨克斯管不利于掌握气息)

3.含笛头的角度,要以自然呼气和笛头风口的气流方向为依据,因气流方向略向下斜,而笛头和脖管自然要与气流的方向相一致,略往下倾斜为最佳角度,大约为四十五度左右。

4.演奏当中手指、腕部、臂部要松弛,左右手要自然弯曲,指关节要略为隆起,不可平直而蹋落关节,运指时要有节奏感,用力不宜过大。动作不宜僵硬,手指抬的不宜过高。

5.左手拇指扶按在T键上,并且控制八度泛音键,小指控制11(降B)9(升C)8(升G);右手指托住乐器下方靠近身体部分的托钩,小拇指控制1(C)2(降 E),左右手食指、中指、无名指分别放在I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ键上。

6.用嘴控制笛头,挂带控制萨克斯的重量, 左右手控制萨克斯的平衡,使之演奏呈现出最佳姿态。

音调&简谱

一、降B调高音萨克斯管,又俗称直管萨克斯。

二、降E调中音萨克斯管,这是应用较为广泛的一种,一般学生初学萨克斯管时多选择这种音域适中且相对易于演奏的乐器。

三、降B调次中音萨克斯管。

四、降E调上低音萨克斯管,它的体积较大,一般应用于重奏与合奏中。

用女儿情来解释简谱的符号

简谱中的调与调号

1=F,表示这首曲子是F调的。

简谱里常使用各种不同的调。调由两部分组成,即主音的高度与调式类别。简谱中,调号是用以确定1(do)音的音高位置的符号,其形式为1=( )(现在普遍都用“1”来作为调号的基准音),用作调号的音是调式主音,“1=F”就意味着这首乐曲是F调的。

简谱中的拍子和拍号

4/4,是表示这首曲子是44拍。

将旋律的强拍与弱拍用固定音值进行强弱循环,有规律地组合,称为拍子。拍号一般标记在调号的后边。拍子分为单拍子与复拍子两种。

每小节的每一拍由一个完整音符即单纯音符组成的拍子,称为单拍子;每小节的每一拍由一个附点音符或与其等值的音符组成的拍子,称为复拍子。

音符的长短

在简谱中,1、2、3、4、5、6、7这七个基本音符,不仅仅表示音的高低大小,还表示时值长短的基本单位,称为四分音符,其他音符均是在四分音符的基础上通过加记短横线"-"和附点"·"表示。

单纯音符

如果音符时值的长短用短横线" -"表示,就称为单纯音符。单纯音符除四分音符外,在基本音符右侧加记一条短横线,表示增长一个四分音符的时值。这类加记在音符右侧、使音符时值增长的短横线,称为增时线。增时线越多,音符的时值越长。

在基本音符下方加记一条短横线,表示缩短原音符时值的一半。这类加记在音符下方、使音符时值缩短的短横线,称为减时线。

减时线越多,音符的时值越短。单纯音符的名称以全音符为标准而定。如:全音符的二分之一称为二分音符,全音符的四分之一称为四分音符,其余类推。

附点音符

附点就是记在音符右边的小圆点,表示增加前面音符时值的一半, 带附点的音符叫附点音符。简单点说,就是这个音要多唱半拍。

比如“鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞”中,本来“双”只需要唱一秒,因为有了附点音符所以要唱1.5秒的延长音,本来要唱2秒,现在要唱3秒。

音高

在音符的上方加一个圆点(叫做高音点)表示高一个八度,在音符下方加一个圆点(叫做低音点)则表示低一个八度。若在上方加两个圆点,即表示高两个八度,在下方亦是如此,依此类推。

不带点的音符称为“中音”,带高音点的音符称为“高音”,带低音点的音符称为“低音”。

为了演奏(演唱)的方便,一般将乐曲音域的中音区记成不带点的音符(中音),这样可以减少一些记谱符号,看得更清楚。

对应的音区称之为低音区、中音区、高音区。在音符上标点,在演奏乐器或者唱歌的时候找准音的高低。

延音线

音符后面有一根短横线。这个叫做延音线,意思就是唱到这里得拖长音。比如:第一句鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞~(此处用波浪表示延长)。

连音线

两个音符上面有一个弧线叫做连音线,一般是给唱歌看的,表示一个字要对应几个音,中间不断开。意思是说,看到弧线就要将对应的字的读音分解开始唱。

比如第一句:鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞,“蝶”字上有连音线,蝶的读音大家知道,蝶=d+ie。

所以唱的时候要这么唱:蝶~(拖ie的音)

休止符

在简谱中表示音乐的休止(停顿)的符号称为休止符。简谱的休止符用O来表示。吹奏乐器的时候,看到休止符,就可以停止吹奏,然后等下一段节奏再吹奏。

休止符时值的长短与音符的时值基本相同,只是不用增时线,而用更多的O来代替,每增加一个O,表示增加一个相当于一个四分休止符的停顿时间,O越多,停顿的时间越长。在休止符下方加记不同数目的减时线,停顿的时间按比例缩短。常用休止符的写法、休止时值如下:

小节线与终止线

在强拍面前,用来划分节拍单位的垂直线叫小节线。用来表示全曲结束的两条小节线,右边略粗于左边的一条叫终止线。

速度

有两种,一种是文字表示的,如“快速”、“中速”、“慢速”等等。一种是直接告诉你的。比如《女儿情》调号下面的表示为每一分钟唱70个4分音符。

以上就是学简谱时都会学到的基础知识,相信大家对简谱有了更清晰的认识。当然这些知识只是乐理的入门部分,在学习过程中还会接触到更详细的学习内容,如果大家在这方面想了解到更多内容或者有疑问的地方都可以给老师留言,会一一帮大家解答的。

指法

手指的按法

好比手中握着球,稍微弯曲,各手指不要伸的直直的,要有弯弯的感觉。按键时手指不要离开,可能的话轻轻摸着键。

曲目

《茉莉花》、《暗香》、《血色浪漫》、《天空之城》依次从简单到难度比较高,是练萨克斯必备的经典曲目。

《茉莉花》

萨克斯本身声音悠扬清亮,而这首乐曲把缥缈缠绵的意境表现得相当到位,在音质不好的播放器上往往会将声音表现成刺耳的高音,意境皆无。面对难以完美再现的萨克斯,尤其是清纯悠扬的清音效果和抒情的高音时,应该表现的完满而到位。层次感清晰分明,音质柔和不显刺耳,却极富穿透力。

《暗香》

《血色浪漫》

此曲注意每个乐句的气流控制,掌握好正确的吸气方法。在演奏时略带喉音,乐句尾音稍带滑间,还需掌握好超高音的演奏。

《天空之城》

用萨克斯演奏的《天空之城》带着一种天然的恬静,让人们陶醉其中,心里便有了一份宁静,和恩雅的音乐一样,能够洗涤内心的躁动,收获一份久违的静谧,不再为了一些琐事闹心。

保养

保持干燥

每次吹奏完后总会有一些水份留在管内,不及时清理会腐蚀管体。在潮湿多雨的地区保持乐器干燥尤为重要。

乐器使用完毕后,应取下弯脖,把管体内的水分倒出来,用柔软吸水的布简单擦拭下喇叭口处的水分,然后放在通风处15-20分钟,让其自然晾干。用过的清洁布不要直接和乐器放在一起,防止潮气滞留二次腐蚀乐器;通布条和口水棒也不建议使用,通布条来回擦,容易对皮垫的密封性造成很大的影响,漏气了或者卡在萨克斯里边就难办了

口水棒是不吸水的材质,口水有碱性,用它等于用碱2次腐蚀管体加速氧化,也不建议使用。

保持清洁

萨克斯管结构复杂,音孔和音键多达数十个,不定期清洁容易在键轴、键杆和弹簧等部位积攒灰尘和污垢,会严重影响乐器机械性能的发挥,给演奏带来困难。

吹奏完乐器后,应用清洁布擦拭管体表面的指纹和汗迹,否则容易侵蚀管体,加快萨克斯表面的氧化;使用萨克斯时间长了,键柱之间和键杆下面如果有浮尘,可用0.5寸左右的小毛刷轻轻打扫或者可以用卫生棉棒来小心清理。建议1-2周一次即可。

哨片保养

吹奏完毕后,哨片用后要取下,擦去水分,放入哨片夹内,妥善保管。短时休息时,一定要套上笛头帽。

笛头保养

笛头每次用完后用水冲洗干净,再用软布擦干即可,也可直接擦干净。

键垫保养

吹奏完毕后键垫有潮湿的情况出现,会硬化减少使用寿命;可用吸水纸夹在键垫与音孔之间。手按键子,将水分吸干,保持各部分的干燥,一定不要让纸屑留在音口上以免造成漏气现象。

按键灵活

萨克斯管音调的变化主要依靠音键和音孔的变化来实现,因此尤其音键应具备高度的灵活性。所以应定期滴专用键油以增强它的灵活性并防止锈死。

每隔2个月在萨克斯各键连杆处注入萨克斯润滑油,不要太多,防止键油流到管体上导致漆面提早氧化,滴完后活动几下键子使油充分渗入,用软布把表面多余的油擦干净即可。

乐器上固定各键连杆的各个螺丝,要进行经常性的检查,如有松动将其拧紧。由于萨克斯的泛音孔很小,较易堵塞,所以要定期清理。根据个人使用情况1-2年要到萨克斯维护中心做一次保养;如果萨克斯长时间未用,开始用的时候,需要做一次检查以及保养。

手应该拿在萨克斯没有按键的部分,比如喇叭口或者上侧弯脖接口处,或者手拿指托处,一定要牢靠、稳妥;并且乐器放回箱包后,一定记得拉上箱包拉链,避免不小心乐器的滑出造成不必要的磕碰。

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古典萨克斯以中音萨克斯为主,而在爵士乐、流行乐里是以中音次中音为主。所有的萨克斯指法基本都是一样的,吹奏可以不用指法练习就更换乐器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKic0kgmO64cAyodJQ7Qxth"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"组成部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnicgs8Iy0K0sEKO9hEOYvSb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"主管","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW6mC4mEw0mQOSWUaxbCn7s"},,"attrs":{"height":609,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"主管","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6189100d2c36478ca8361e3c1f39f0f5","width":243},"text":"","id":"doxcnSE6ucAAqyGOGYLizdlZcxe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"脖管","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqIGyoucsWw8qaQ7skVF6gf"},,"attrs":{"height":501,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"脖管","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f417d55fc6244c428ba13aa75801e2e9","width":778},"text":"","id":"doxcnGqYgwac6KEMo43FtlOWqGf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笛头","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngo8soScasYU8OkjP5tx50f"},,"attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笛头","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/96e062e5fea049839669c8b26ec0d77a","width":705},"text":"","id":"doxcnu4OEsmEwgig2SO3FqcC0Ih"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"哨片","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6giOqaq66gcmMXlNrAgzZc"},,"attrs":{"height":365,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"哨片","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/75cad85d1b1b4ef7bd3e2c53c7563292","width":277},"text":"","id":"doxcn6ME6EM0YUEmqeW3PPqjpeb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"哨箍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm8OymOu8u0ukQLu5mWxfle"},,"attrs":{"height":359,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"哨箍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0db081831cbc4f3994f573de26ae193e","width":351},"text":"","id":"doxcn2Qeuouww6w02CAMDoGGbYc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"盖帽","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGUuKy2k0iKewuYHFRovdHc"},,"attrs":{"height":832,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"盖帽","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f19710625f584ac7a167c6916f6306cf","width":401},"text":"","id":"doxcnA2m8CqEqgkiwQb7xrEf2jb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"挂带","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni2oOEigg4iQ4EPH8dUIolf"},,"attrs":{"height":737,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"挂带","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/93ba78621894488890e3eae44a739f02","width":659},"text":"","id":"doxcnGwq2A4kAIEIeqOGwrjT3ge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn04uaCWAgS0O84FdPKveeng"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"高音萨克斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUMAYGk82cQwa6NvUDtBfgb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是萨克斯家族中音调第二高的乐器,通常为降B调,仅此于超高音萨克斯(Sopranino),管的体积也是第二_小。常见的为直管,略微曲颈或类似中音萨克斯的形状。相对于黑管,高音萨克斯音量更大,更有穿透力。但由于小管身,使得高音部分更难以控制音准,较难上手。音萨克斯主要用于独奏,在木管重奏中常用来替代双簧管。著名的高音萨克斯演奏家有SidneyBechet,约翰柯川,Wayne Shorter,能等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU26ygeS8Ckiw8z3Ix1hese"},,"attrs":{"height":598,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"高音萨克斯","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/af7e45386bf740ac840f040d5a68e8b4","width":599},"text":"","id":"doxcn0sS4iCAcgkocM7ITP4UvTh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中音萨克斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn686mIMe4K2Q0gfZ1WMp6Gf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是最常见的萨克斯,降E调,也是应用在古典乐合奏中最多的萨克斯。于按键距离适中,气息要求和嘴部控制难度介于高音萨克斯和次中音萨克斯之间,以吸相对便宜的价格和搬运容易,成为初学者入i最常使用的萨克斯。中音萨克斯音色较次中音清亮,较高音温和。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"中音萨克斯构成了管乐队萨克斯声部的最主要部分,在爵士大乐队编制中和次中音占同等重要位置。作为独奏乐器出现相对少一些。中音萨克斯是萨克斯家族最有代表性的种类。著名的中音萨克斯演奏家有爵士乐: Charlie Parker、Cannonball Adderley、Kenny Garrett。古典乐: Marcel Mule,Sigurd Rascher等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8Ko6Aq2E2a26KO7g7Qj7jh"},,"attrs":{"height":676,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中音萨克斯","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/88c4887aeff342dcac58d61b89b3ee52","width":485},"text":"","id":"doxcn6Cc2wgWQOMaeklrr5w0gJf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"次中音萨克斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmYmMASO0kmYGU1VU4UMUjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通常为降B调,外形比中音萨克斯稍大,弯管前端多了一个弯曲,色温和稳重。在管乐队中次中音萨克斯数量少于中音,一般作为辅助角色和小低音号和长号同样的乐谱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuAswqmwA6GQY6TyToKxmDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"而在爵士乐中次中音起核心作用。1920年代Coleman Hawkins沙哑厚重的声音重新定义了人们对次中音音色的概念。后来的约翰柯川,Stan Getz, Sonny Rollins, Michael Brecke一步一步地奠定了次中音声音的个性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmuKMe8KY02E2oB4GK2mLwe"},,"attrs":{"height":412,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"次中音萨克斯","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4343f601182d4d7ea34b251716ac7b0c","width":545},"text":"","id":"doxcnKmqI4o0We6OSGw13yW7W2g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":" 上低音萨克斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUk6EyM0SeMCUjTot6PuTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通常为降E调,是4种中相对少见的类型。体积重量较大,近音两倍左右。很少有人它作为独奏乐器,而在萨克斯四重奏或爵士大乐队中上低音萨克斯以它低沉浑厚的音色把其它声音承托起来,以较简单的吹奏维持着音乐进行的稳定步伐。在管乐队中常和低音号类似的作用,有时让人联想起大提琴的声音。著名演奏家有Gerry Mulligan。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnygmsUmAUQKIsKw6aRvvfsg"},,"attrs":{"height":724,"note":[{"type":"text","text":" 上低音萨克斯","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0af6b1ec5cf34895946a75f34b19f8c1","width":551},"text":"","id":"doxcnGeg8CmA4804mG8emd0fbMe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选购","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEaMeoGqwUmAuGuu11Nj0sg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学萨克斯的朋友基本都是从降E中音萨克斯学起,因为中音萨克斯容易控制大小适中女老少都可以很轻松的演奏,且市面上针对初学萨克斯的教程都是中音萨克斯的教程,因此中音萨克斯以他的优势成为初学者的首选。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOeaK4qCE8O4eAjajQhMuag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者没有必要买太好的管子,名牌并不见得好。因为进口的管子大多数也都是出口转内销的,很多所谓的国外品牌其实都在国内生产,一不心就会出高价买个山寨品。可以选择价格在2000-5000的国内品牌即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8YIsUawmQEAqwrxIv81hNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"挑选萨克斯要看音准、密合度共振、音域质手感、镀层机械连动、空按萨克斯、按垫是不是均匀平整等等。但这对于初学者来说还是不好把握,好找专业可靠的朋友帮忙挑选。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIsqYuesiamOaAzCH7aT50c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"建议先看乐器的整体造型是否合理,有些萨克斯管口部分很斜,和脖管不对称。检查每个按键的皮垫是否盖严或变形,若有盖得不严会漏气,影响发音。要试一下手感, 每个按键的弹簧是否力度适中。要看一下每个常用活动点是否严密、灵活,哨片箍是否能拧紧,不能太松。笛头部分与哨片接触处是否完整,均无瑕疵。然后最关键的是要试音色是否优美,同一价位的不同萨克斯音色都不一样。再试高音是否明亮低音是否易吹,音准是否好,有些乐器高音大都不准。再看附件是否齐全(部分配有:哨片、翻笛头、挂带等)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnauikgWIogiAc6tpYo0HW8e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"乐理知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYq6a2MausOeOIJgi4Coge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkUqW80o6CGo62qMavOn2Ej"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以英文字母来表示音高,称为","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"音名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk4YKsMw2AYAaARn5V7WBie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"12调全音域音名表","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuM4yIoWKiOeSw5DOyS15Qe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、C调(*):低音234567,中音: 1234567,高音: 123456.(共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoOs4c6OIsWEsBFrPZvO8Lq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、#C调($):低音1234567,中音: 1234567,高音: 12345.(共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoogGWgWMoU0mAbYBAvyZ6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、D调(*):最低音7,低音,1234567,中音: 1234567,高音:12345.(共20个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQgk6oiKIuikQN4bd44h9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、E调(\u0026):低音,67,中音:1234567,高:1234567.最高音:1234 (共20个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUwuSCaESO8AMy6FOrymAah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五、bE调(*):低音: #67中音:1#12#34#45#56#67 高音:1#2#234#45#56#67最高音:1#1234#4 (共32个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni6e4YWYcm4Ku21RdVClHOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"七、#F调($):低音,567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567.最高音12(共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngiiM2wqmUKwOq6B2Gkw98c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"八、G调(*):低音,567,中音:1234567,高音:1234567.最高音12(共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngGIg6eGK48ooo32mJDC5ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"九、A调(\u0026):低音,34567,中音: 1234567, 高音: 1234567.最.高音1(共20个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAQkyuAgCUYw44LSAdpKn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十、bA调(\u0026):低音,4567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567.最高音1(共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAM8qkY6gQwE6dB8d811bd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十一、B调($):低音,234567,中音:1234567,高音: 123456.","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncIkyGKaI4MmyMZ1hhK2dCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十二、bB调(*):低音,34567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567. (共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncuY2sYaKQ8wME1ZynTRbXg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" 备注","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniUW2GG2IqmGgMdM1HgjUmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、其中带(*)号的调号为最常用基本调号共6个大调;带(\u0026)号的调号为次常用调号共3个。带($)号的调号为一般不常用的调号共3个调号。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0ggu8q8MiwYEMn7hJ45Beg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、此表中共计244个唱音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYSOSAKcQIg08MvLOjOZ6Vc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"哼唱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq0YIiI8uqGss5sBsidqkgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯吹一个音,并且几乎同时的唱这个音,同时发出两个音,严格的说不叫双音,和吼叫技巧差不多。通常称它为哼唱,又叫做唱音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkuagUKwW004Eui5fpeNOHc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"高低音区","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2maOcSsQickIMb1jyES34e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯在日常的娱乐过程中肯定会遇到高低音转换的情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmw2uksOWy4woeeVyNq2psc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这里的高低音转换以是否按着泛音键来区别,一种是主旋律的高低音转换,比如中音萨克斯降E调从中音的1(不按泛音键)到2(按着泛音键)的转换,或者反之,或是吹降B调时从3或4转换到5或反过来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwIwMiWWYKwk0aANyHr98Le"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另一种是装饰音的高低音转换,这个就要求更快,几乎是要在一拍之内完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4UyaKWueA8kWQjoIwsmPyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在高低音转换时(这里的高低音转换以是否按着泛音键来区别,下同) , 为了防止吹\"破”音,就要通过气息来控制,在转换音的时候把气息“弱”下来,下一个音再逐渐起来,有的时候曲子需要时,加上吐音也能解决这个问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni4OwScWiSaiEGM5NZM8fYg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"升降音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwukES2wQ0wISW2LpP5MNWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各个调之间无所谓谁高谁低,只是一个八度之间的比较而已。无论是高八度或者是低八度,只要是调对了,大家就能跟伴奏。要做好这件事情,就要有一点基本的乐理知识。最起码对熟悉的曲子能简单唱谱,才能知道里面的那个音是1(dao),那个音是2(rai),那个音是3(mi)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEiq0KOmSY080kZJsOMRvwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"先确定曲子的调","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKAwwwcQ2uAoSwXvNSasBYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"边听曲子,边唱其谱,选定任何一个音比如1。用萨克斯吹一下各个音(包括半音),看哪个音是正好跟你选定的音相吻合,那么这个音的1所对应的调就是曲子的调。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6so0AEY44mgs4JhorWqAgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你只熟悉","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"少数指法","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",就用萨克斯吹一下你熟悉的指法的各个1,看哪个更接近。并确定曲子的那个1比你吹出来的这个1是高还是低?这样你就知道到时候调整音调的时候是应该按上升还是下降了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnACYOko0aM86kucDItUt7bc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音调","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkqyw0mAwaEAegjvhZKTINg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"经过探究,萨克斯产音域从原本的两个八度和一个五度的根底上,又向上扩大了一个八度和一个四度(扩大音域属于超吹局部,没有必定的根底很难演奏)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS44AMISMgEkGSCLTbVNrec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"振动不规矩,音的上下听起来不分明,叫做“杂音”;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkqqoeci0846CwRMHsps6Ce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乐音系统:音乐中所运用的基本的乐音的总和 ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnig6MU4KS0ksEA9OY4eknye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音级:乐音系统中的各音(专指乐音);(振动起来是有规律的、单纯的,并有准确的高度(也叫音高)的音)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqcouaYC0MUgSG4bs2JcVa9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音列:按必定的音高关系和上下顺序,由低到高或由高到低陈列 ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSCsGQcwgmgGqAd1dGITVmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"半音:乐音系统中,音高关系的最小计量单元 ;(相邻的两个音之间最小的距离)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn26aCmoQOWUcaUVyI2eNP1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"全音","id":""},{"type":"text","text":":一个全音等于两个半音 ,把八度音划分为十二个音,四个相连的音之间的音程叫全音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOgKy6iK2oceskFlhJklopg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"变化音级:将基本音级加以提高或下降得来的音; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8YsYweOeUogSWuwHqEBBBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"晋级音:将基本音级提高半音,如升C、升D、相反是降职音 ; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCs4egmAK6sqEmkSXhH2Y6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重升音级:将基本音级提高全音,如重升C、重升D,等,反之为重降 ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWCqKQOecgoaoaEtfIBLtfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音组:乐音系统中八十多个音用来划分音分为多少组,它的标志是用小写字母并在右上方加数字“1”来表示。如:c1,d1,e1,f1,比小字一组高的各组,由低到高名为“小字二组”、“小字三组”、“小字四组”、“小字五组”。顺次写上数字“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”。比小字一组低的各组,由高到低顺次命名为“小字组”、“大字组”、“大字一组”、“大字二组”。小字组用小写字母,大字组用大写字母 ; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmAEa24k0kMgGg1zydHIGMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中心C:位于乐音系统总音到中心的小字一组的c1。每秒振动约261次 ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0mEScK4MQSG0qSMZQURUne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"定律法:断定乐音系统中各音的彻底精确高度,人们在实施中发明白种种定律法。如十二均匀律,五度相生津、纯律等 ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAmIUWcuAecaWcP0zMGF4Cc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十二均匀律:将一个纯八度(如c1-c2)分红十二个均等的局部 ; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwwimeswyOycwq0tz695Usb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"等音:音高相似而记法和意思不同的音。如升C、降D,重升B,这三个音在钢琴上音高是完全相似的。但记法和意思不同。能够看出,除了升G和降A惟有一个等音外,其它各音都有两个等音 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQYgAiym2IOCG0adrpwx2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"复合音:平常听到某一音,一般由很多个音组合而成的。它的发生是因为发音体(以弦为例)振动时,不只全段振动,它的各局部(二、三、四、五段等)也同时在振动 ; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnccQGu4GcwasOKG7RaRs2mf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"基音:由全弦振动发生的音,听的最清楚的; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQyyQwQCKEAAQGsXNRMPDWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泛音:由发音体各局部振动而发生,不易被听出的; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Wi6OM2K26KsO8Ixd8acOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分音:形成复合音的各音; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmUmAAMySoWiewJZj1NveDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音域:从低音到高音,音列的总范畴 ; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2kquOwA0MAaSBO7s9roTNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音区:音域中的一局部。依据音色的不同分为高音区、中音区和低音区。小字组、小字一组、小字二组被以为是中音区,小字三,小字四,五为高音区,大字组,大字一组和二组为低音区。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncAiIG8I6KQs8kve2yxpdDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4eQU4a0OaykYSUcjvBBFCg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.用挂带将乐器挂在胸前,调整挂带,使其既能负担乐器的重量又能缓解手和臂的紧张程度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngG646UsmMA6IyIHnuiAwCg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.站立演奏时,两腿同肩宽,坐着演奏时,两腿打开稍向外,呈九十度弓形触地,身体要自然挺直,背、胸、腰、腹不可弯曲。(新手不建议坐姿演奏萨克斯管不利于掌握气息)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaoyIu0S6Cy4mg5pjsBlRif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.含笛头的角度,要以自然呼气和笛头风口的气流方向为依据,因气流方向略向下斜,而笛头和脖管自然要与气流的方向相一致,略往下倾斜为最佳角度,大约为四十五度左右。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne0KcUSoEmo0o5RlTYWfbyW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.演奏当中手指、腕部、臂部要松弛,左右手要自然弯曲,指关节要略为隆起,不可平直而蹋落关节,运指时要有节奏感,用力不宜过大。动作不宜僵硬,手指抬的不宜过高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWEimoa66ukegwSf8LMPT5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5.左手拇指扶按在T键上,并且控制八度泛音键,小指控制11(降B)9(升C)8(升G);右手指托住乐器下方靠近身体部分的托钩,小拇指控制1(C)2(降 E),左右手食指、中指、无名指分别放在I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ键上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuka4QIYmKosayEjiKWKMTU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6.用嘴控制笛头,挂带控制萨克斯的重量, 左右手控制萨克斯的平衡,使之演奏呈现出最佳姿态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0uKY0aqMsEsw9HWFRD7zf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQyoI4Q2UUY046BPVq6xif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、降B调高音萨克斯管,又俗称直管萨克斯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqw2m82I4kyq8gReeozh2kf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、降E调中音萨克斯管,这是应用较为广泛的一种,一般学生初学萨克斯管时多选择这种音域适中且相对易于演奏的乐器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwaeqa0g2Mw8MpM2jzhEPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、降B调次中音萨克斯管。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQQIS0kiwES2S0GX3vK6NYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、降E调上低音萨克斯管,它的体积较大,一般应用于重奏与合奏中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn24gIMUI8womSC0lAmgbtVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"用女儿情来解释简谱的符号","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnea2cGQUIu6w0WsBJ8sekAg"},,"attrs":{"height":618,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1b69614ef1044c6881b20c0b12dc110e","width":404},"text":"","id":"doxcnw4ac2gqcY2sig3YqxBb1eY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"简谱中的调与调号","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncAyS22WeYgkcO3Iackierb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1=F,表示这首曲子是F调的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkwYUi6U2Umq0sW4LB2uP19"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简谱里常使用各种不同的调。调由两部分组成,即主音的高度与调式类别。简谱中,调号是用以确定1(do)音的音高位置的符号,其形式为1=( )(现在普遍都用“1”来作为调号的基准音),用作调号的音是调式主音,“1=F”就意味着这首乐曲是F调的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS08muk2eMogM0YicrSc2Bd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"简谱中的拍子和拍号","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wCCw0wW8ygqaeGtRCABVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4/4,是表示这首曲子是44拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIcOUyaugMy8keqdC3rnMFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将旋律的强拍与弱拍用固定音值进行强弱循环,有规律地组合,称为拍子。拍号一般标记在调号的后边。拍子分为单拍子与复拍子两种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaYQ66coSoKmcc1sobLITef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每小节的每一拍由一个完整音符即单纯音符组成的拍子,称为单拍子;每小节的每一拍由一个附点音符或与其等值的音符组成的拍子,称为复拍子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUYEEogmMi8UmSi5e4hJvIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"音符的长短","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnauWEs4YUecOa8uzROt9g0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在简谱中,1、2、3、4、5、6、7这七个基本音符,不仅仅表示音的高低大小,还表示时值长短的基本单位,称为四分音符,其他音符均是在四分音符的基础上通过加记短横线\"-\"和附点\"·\"表示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkKwcU8ocwY2SW2VzOXLakf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"单纯音符","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnme2uM6wUocWEGg70zaalcg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果音符时值的长短用短横线\" -\"表示,就称为单纯音符。单纯音符除四分音符外,在基本音符右侧加记一条短横线,表示增长一个四分音符的时值。这类加记在音符右侧、使音符时值增长的短横线,称为增时线。增时线越多,音符的时值越长。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2kYqiuSEsacQCOarhIvqdc"},,"attrs":{"height":261,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c64a14cc4c24670b63acbec79f81171","width":478},"text":"","id":"doxcnoewcWSyYQSS8uuB9TRuq8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在基本音符下方加记一条短横线,表示缩短原音符时值的一半。这类加记在音符下方、使音符时值缩短的短横线,称为减时线。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmSyekmOGuqMYu6cGpDdK1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"减时线越多,音符的时值越短。单纯音符的名称以全音符为标准而定。如:全音符的二分之一称为二分音符,全音符的四分之一称为四分音符,其余类推。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQuOYOYKMucKA4ctWH1hYAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"附点音符","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAs6EuWsEkK86WUcG0jZdIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"附点就是记在音符右边的小圆点,表示增加前面音符时值的一半, 带附点的音符叫附点音符。简单点说,就是这个音要多唱半拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6WYeIuSCC0sSVWeVwsDRuF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如“鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞”中,本来“双”只需要唱一秒,因为有了附点音符所以要唱1.5秒的延长音,本来要唱2秒,现在要唱3秒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA8Keomsou8aaUR6AjgOHsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"音高","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4AMI0eC6qKCKhsG0VSlWwW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在音符的上方加一个圆点(叫做高音点)表示高一个八度,在音符下方加一个圆点(叫做低音点)则表示低一个八度。若在上方加两个圆点,即表示高两个八度,在下方亦是如此,依此类推。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu6Acw6o0QOKKGwRGdkHsJd"},,"attrs":{"height":99,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/916921f451474d3abdd65f1893c2cf48","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcni8MkSymog2GoaeUMwYF5Kg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不带点的音符称为“中音”,带高音点的音符称为“高音”,带低音点的音符称为“低音”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUGgsSE0AS00Q12NwxZFEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为了演奏(演唱)的方便,一般将乐曲音域的中音区记成不带点的音符(中音),这样可以减少一些记谱符号,看得更清楚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmekEeSkqsqy8S6IMzW3AUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对应的音区称之为低音区、中音区、高音区。在音符上标点,在演奏乐器或者唱歌的时候找准音的高低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsCMKE82mu28mmGDaGm8mWf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"延音线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn28mm2Gcauy2q8SFrJ0gXWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音符后面有一根短横线。这个叫做延音线,意思就是唱到这里得拖长音。比如:第一句鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞~(此处用波浪表示延长)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCEa0CqmAGmQwSAvUF3cCOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"连音线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyg6cqkMIcKQmeUYVN7fZfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两个音符上面有一个弧线叫做连音线,一般是给唱歌看的,表示一个字要对应几个音,中间不断开。意思是说,看到弧线就要将对应的字的读音分解开始唱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYOqK0eeMiIeueox911BINb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如第一句:鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞,“蝶”字上有连音线,蝶的读音大家知道,蝶=d+ie。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaCaWuWKYUyw2CwIsr8aj2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所以唱的时候要这么唱:蝶~(拖ie的音)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnssUyIw6i6kgas7TqHPIMKf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"休止符","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwMcEEW0eoiKkdhGtux0Zg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在简谱中表示音乐的休止(停顿)的符号称为休止符。简谱的休止符用O来表示。吹奏乐器的时候,看到休止符,就可以停止吹奏,然后等下一段节奏再吹奏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngggAkGw2c6uYgRyAUZxWwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"休止符时值的长短与音符的时值基本相同,只是不用增时线,而用更多的O来代替,每增加一个O,表示增加一个相当于一个四分休止符的停顿时间,O越多,停顿的时间越长。在休止符下方加记不同数目的减时线,停顿的时间按比例缩短。常用休止符的写法、休止时值如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncIUCkI2Uw8Ck9sF8t9yGyp"},,"attrs":{"height":105,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0054bae3df644980bfb001345fc4def0","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnWayMMaakIGg6kLuUMyGXne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"小节线与终止线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsIaiOoEicIWG4Rp2azP8Hf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在强拍面前,用来划分节拍单位的垂直线叫小节线。用来表示全曲结束的两条小节线,右边略粗于左边的一条叫终止线。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkUomYEoqEkIIWmY4N1Fnid"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"速度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2aOGYCu0i00IIHuCEqLewc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有两种,一种是文字表示的,如“快速”、“中速”、“慢速”等等。一种是直接告诉你的。比如《女儿情》调号下面的表示为每一分钟唱70个4分音符。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0MMCeC0uWKqUAxHMxCANEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以上就是学简谱时都会学到的基础知识,相信大家对简谱有了更清晰的认识。当然这些知识只是乐理的入门部分,在学习过程中还会接触到更详细的学习内容,如果大家在这方面想了解到更多内容或者有疑问的地方都可以给老师留言,会一一帮大家解答的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU0KUKomWUAygLlHDVA6qj4"},,"attrs":{"height":212,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b7f887b53294480bde68947b7298a76","width":1064},"text":"","id":"doxcnuW8qy2gk0YcGaUhmrPV7Gh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"指法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniaQw46U8I2Sogtg5LB0Mih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"手指的按法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYeikySCigmAcInaT2hRuBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"好比手中握着球,稍微弯曲,各手指不要伸的直直的,要有弯弯的感觉。按键时手指不要离开,可能的话轻轻摸着键。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng4GoMYYMkAKkq8C1ARkNLh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":287,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"指法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/215e669d7d46444e8b830752f5bf8352","width":718},"text":"","id":"doxcnGKEouGqQ2AO0sLeymkytke"},,"attrs":{"height":793,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"指法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c41f04a82d4b4fd1a6368f3c4d37f144","width":385},"text":"","id":"doxcnimS20A0SAkiUQJb0picvDd"}],"text":"","id":"doxcn86KEiASWkKUKIdd17DgNUe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"曲目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn86KEiASWkKUKIdd17DgNUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《茉莉花》、《暗香》、《血色浪漫》、《天空之城》依次从简单到难度比较高,是练萨克斯必备的经典曲目。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4mG6uEue4gS2qeWj8EkpDf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"《茉莉花》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEwGeSw4gKqQkAV1hnAc9Kd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯本身声音悠扬清亮,而这首乐曲把缥缈缠绵的意境表现得相当到位,在音质不好的播放器上往往会将声音表现成刺耳的高音,意境皆无。面对难以完美再现的萨克斯,尤其是清纯悠扬的清音效果和抒情的高音时,应该表现的完满而到位。层次感清晰分明,音质柔和不显刺耳,却极富穿透力。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUqWwEEKO08I4mEZU3WSR4I"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"《茉莉花》","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/95d61a35813e47e282342da61781b910","width":893},"text":"","id":"doxcn8SwOuAK8KsQec5aiBCcQbg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"《暗香》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw4O20s6QYWS8uM2Y1khQBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOaQMeOUeO2wuiMEBXPNexb"},,"attrs":{"height":698,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"《暗香》","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/998a88cf0c2244e388ef4bdf9a981e42","width":778},"text":"","id":"doxcnEWEKuKO6WkGcyZ8YlBWWsb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"《血色浪漫》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncQMS6soEea88kvMlY9OA9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"此曲注意每个乐句的气流控制,掌握好正确的吸气方法。在演奏时略带喉音,乐句尾音稍带滑间,还需掌握好超高音的演奏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYMsWocW4AUMcccHkHNmGRj"},,"attrs":{"height":723,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"《血色浪漫》","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/216177fb3d5a423ab28e01bb9bd82f64","width":497},"text":"","id":"doxcnKkwUQQOeEqKsJJXZHnjHuP"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"《天空之城》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKg44mOomWukyqQnABkWNCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用萨克斯演奏的《天空之城》带着一种天然的恬静,让人们陶醉其中,心里便有了一份宁静,和恩雅的音乐一样,能够洗涤内心的躁动,收获一份久违的静谧,不再为了一些琐事闹心。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCsAG2GCm08UqKq1qJs9sqc"},,"attrs":{"height":685,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"《天空之城》","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8e9278f8de83470e98a52804dcefe30a","width":563},"text":"","id":"doxcnw46mukaCQW04OQThVrWa8f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk8AeS26UyIaAHSngYaVQob"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保持干燥","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSagugGc8eUiWie8LNtFZDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每次吹奏完后总会有一些水份留在管内,不及时清理会腐蚀管体。在潮湿多雨的地区保持乐器干燥尤为重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4ss8goQ2QiMmeNWgcJ9Thb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乐器使用完毕后,应取下弯脖,把管体内的水分倒出来,用柔软吸水的布简单擦拭下喇叭口处的水分,然后放在通风处15-20分钟,让其自然晾干。用过的清洁布不要直接和乐器放在一起,防止潮气滞留二次腐蚀乐器;通布条和口水棒也不建议使用,通布条来回擦,容易对皮垫的密封性造成很大的影响,漏气了或者卡在萨克斯里边就难办了","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGw0YYAuqWmw4EjCW66Yi9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"口水棒是不吸水的材质,口水有碱性,用它等于用碱2次腐蚀管体加速氧化,也不建议使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaOwEmsC4y2mekLyQtqkfDd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保持清洁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWyMssO68QUMM6VyDk0Fpxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯管结构复杂,音孔和音键多达数十个,不定期清洁容易在键轴、键杆和弹簧等部位积攒灰尘和污垢,会严重影响乐器机械性能的发挥,给演奏带来困难。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUekK0IueSysA581uynR7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吹奏完乐器后,应用清洁布擦拭管体表面的指纹和汗迹,否则容易侵蚀管体,加快萨克斯表面的氧化;使用萨克斯时间长了,键柱之间和键杆下面如果有浮尘,可用0.5寸左右的小毛刷轻轻打扫或者可以用卫生棉棒来小心清理。建议1-2周一次即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMq8MCosCkuyMCKGqgy7Byb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"哨片保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYAYcmkqEAIg6OKLx8kwgEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吹奏完毕后,哨片用后要取下,擦去水分,放入哨片夹内,妥善保管。短时休息时,一定要套上笛头帽。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkwuGw6iMYwu24hrKfbKPTh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笛头保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniWE2Kmk8Scy6grRkMFdEMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笛头每次用完后用水冲洗干净,再用软布擦干即可,也可直接擦干净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS8aWGCqGi22YEYy2JxRvjb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"键垫保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn62yWGOCWsSGsAlDLaLTZzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吹奏完毕后键垫有潮湿的情况出现,会硬化减少使用寿命;可用吸水纸夹在键垫与音孔之间。手按键子,将水分吸干,保持各部分的干燥,一定不要让纸屑留在音口上以免造成漏气现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqQCOUQAaCgoiwf09JDZ92d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"按键灵活","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoGmKO0WmEOuc8RuP1fCiLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯管音调的变化主要依靠音键和音孔的变化来实现,因此尤其音键应具备高度的灵活性。所以应定期滴专用键油以增强它的灵活性并防止锈死。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUkcU86wgeO0wohkHl756nh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每隔2个月在萨克斯各键连杆处注入萨克斯润滑油,不要太多,防止键油流到管体上导致漆面提早氧化,滴完后活动几下键子使油充分渗入,用软布把表面多余的油擦干净即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnow6sOs4kO6y4yaCxJx01Ke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乐器上固定各键连杆的各个螺丝,要进行经常性的检查,如有松动将其拧紧。由于萨克斯的泛音孔很小,较易堵塞,所以要定期清理。根据个人使用情况1-2年要到萨克斯维护中心做一次保养;如果萨克斯长时间未用,开始用的时候,需要做一次检查以及保养。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwM08yWoyiU2u8xu7sXlFed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手应该拿在萨克斯没有按键的部分,比如喇叭口或者上侧弯脖接口处,或者手拿指托处,一定要牢靠、稳妥;并且乐器放回箱包后,一定记得拉上箱包拉链,避免不小心乐器的滑出造成不必要的磕碰。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSCWImeg2kwEs4esu37RTBc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

bcd625wlhss19seu1

有些开发商为了挤压层高,会把每层用户的层高压到2.6米,甚至有些坑爹开发商会把层高压得更矮,这样在交楼后我们就要承受层高不足带来的一系列问题。面对矮层房子在装修的时候主要是避免空间感压抑感。

了解矮层房子

层高合格吗

按照国家标准《住宅设计规范》中的规定,总体层高2.4米以上、局部2.1米以上才算合格,一般高于这个尺寸的层高,除非是空间面积很大,否则总体居住还算不会压抑的。

能否正常使用

根据网络公开数据,中国18-44岁男性平均身高为169.7厘米、女性平均身高为158厘米。一般2.6米的房子,去掉横梁30-40cm高度,剩余高度就大概是2.2米左右了。我这刚好有位同事身高1.75米,然后试了一下2.2米高的横梁体验——实测举手后手指刚好够着2.2米高的横梁体验,日常使用完全没有问题的。

装修方法

矮层房屋跟正常的房屋是有一些区别的,因为房子高度相较于正常房屋比较低,所以我们在装修的时候可以采取一定的装修方法,避免装修后看起来很压抑。

房间整体色调

楼层过矮,要避免过于花哨的颜色,不然在视觉上会显得很压抑。整体色系最好选择浅色系,地板选择深色,深色是辅助颜色,可以突出空间性。多选择浅色纺织物,柔化空间边缘。

装修与家具软装都应该以浅色简约为主,避免大体积、颜色深的设计,深色反光映在天花上,会压抑让天花板灰沉沉的,进而使得层高矮的劣质放大。

相反使用浅色系会模糊房间边缘,让房间整体看起来空间比较大。

空间别大而空

平时生活中如果留心就会发现机场、车站的层高都是非常宏阔的,商场、超市的层高也比普通住宅高出不少。之所以这样,是因为这些商业空间的面积都比较大,所以层高就要做得高一些,才不会显得压抑。

而在普通家庭装修中,若层高较小,住房空间又很大很空的话,同样容易造成压抑的感觉,因为我们往前看的时候,越远的东西就越小,而空间较大层高矮的时候,我们看远端位置,就会显得更矮了。

所以我们在装修时要把房间填充起来,避免出现特别空旷的情况。

关于吊顶部分

不做吊顶

如果楼层矮,面积小,不是必须需要吊顶的地方可以不吊顶,像卫生间这种空间,为了防水是肯定要吊顶的。而客厅选择就多了,可以不吊顶,用吸顶灯装饰空间。或者刷白,做彩绘。做个假吊顶,滚一圈石膏线,四周做吊顶,中间留下灯池,这样四周厚,中间薄就呈现出吊顶效果了。

吊顶造型从简

层高较小的房子,吊顶造型尽量从简,不要做复杂的叠级吊顶,这种叠级吊顶做完后四周会更矮,空间感会比较紧迫。

圆弧过渡吊顶

在层高较矮、中间还有横梁的户型,可以在横梁与天花之间做圆弧过渡造型的吊顶,从横梁到天花之间做一个弧度造型,让层高差不会过于明显,同时又能实现更加丝滑的空间。

软装修方法

墙面壁纸、装饰

墙面壁纸可选择横或竖条纹元素,类似这样的墙面装饰(比如装饰画)也可以,以此延展视觉空间。这是利用视觉的重要手段。另外,还可多利用镜子,达到反光的效果,居室内灯光强度加大,空间自然明朗起来。

灯具别复杂

在层高比较小的情况下,灯具建议用吸顶灯、灯带等占用层高较少的灯具设计,千万别选大体积的吊灯,否则走在灯具下面都有可能会撞头了。

门的高度

层高较小的房子,房门的高度也会影响空间感,比如常规的房门,门顶与天花距离小,会显得层高矮得明显。因此在层高较小的情况下,可以用隐形门或一门到顶的设计,尤其是房门开在背景墙等显眼位置的时候。

对于一些层高较小的房子,装修时就要多花点心思,尽量避免让空间显得压抑!如果家人的身高人均篮球队员的高度,那么就不建议选购层高较小的房子了,避免在身高面前,再花样的设计,都解决不了层高矮的问题。

细节部分装修

装修的时候有很多局部细节也需要考虑清楚,比如电视背景墙等,电视背景墙建议用玻化砖或者烤漆玻璃,可以利用局部反光使空间变大,让人忽略楼层问题。餐厅背景墙则建议多采用镜面装饰。然后餐厅的走道设计可以矮一些,这样进入餐厅后,落差感大,就不会显得餐厅矮。

选择小型家具

房屋自身层高不高,如果家具过大更会显得空间拥挤,小型或者比较低矮的家具在使用上不会有什么不便,而家具和天花板之间的空间拉大之后,就会觉得空间变大了。

长条形装饰

低矮的空间需要长条物件来拉高视觉。垂直的挂画,或者能反射光线的长镜子,都可以引导视线,延伸墙面。

刷半墙配窗帘

刷墙的时候不要把墙刷满,可以上半部分刷成白色,下半部分刷成深色,同时用与下半部分同色或相近颜色的窗帘,也能达到拉高墙面的作用。

延伸墙面颜色

把墙面和天花板刷成同一个颜色,看上去融为一体,是比较简单的提高层高的方法,也可以只将墙面颜色向天花板延伸一部分,中间有其他强烈的对比,效果也很明显。

拉高角落物件

角落的物件以长而高为宜。窗帘轨道直接安装在天花板下,看上去窗户和天花板的距离就近了,就感觉窗户变高了;角落的盆景植物、落地灯饰或者家具以细长高为主,会将人的视线向上吸引,空间看起来就好像变大了。

对角线方块

装饰墙面的时候,可以考虑在墙面弄出一些对角线图案,重塑房间内的墙面效果,调整视角,可以使墙面显得更高。房屋的层高很难通过硬装的方式改变,但只要简单的软装饰,便可改变视觉效果,让房屋看上去更敞亮大气,居住也更舒适!

总结

装修矮层房子的时候要利用装修材料造成延伸空间的错觉,这样才不会显得房子比较压抑。

1、用条纹的造型或配饰延展视觉空间。

比如客厅和卧室棚顶可以采用横条纹造型,隔断可以选择竖条纹的 2、利用镜子。

镜子具有视觉“欺骗”的作用,能增强居室的灯光亮度,让你在视觉上觉得空间增大。餐厅背景墙镜片和石膏板抽条结合,既可用作试衣镜,又可作装饰背景墙,同时还增大视觉空间。 3、用玻化砖、烤漆玻璃增强反光效果,视觉上使空间变大。

比如用黑色烤漆玻璃做的电视背景墙,局部黑色及烤漆的反光都会使空间变大。

开始装修

房屋设计

装修房子需要从设计开始。首先要让设计师对家里的整个居室有个详细了解,并将自身的想法和意见和他们沟通清楚,这样才能拥有一个良好的设计方案,我们也可以提前选好设计风格,让设计进行设计。另外在设计图出来后,也需进行一次核对,将不满意的地方提出整理与修改。

家装风格分类

1、欧式风格

欧式风格主要有法式、意大利、西班牙、北欧、英式、地中海等风格,这是随着历史文化潮流而形成的强烈、独特的风格,这指的的是欧洲每个国家所展现的强烈的传统文化内涵。

2、田园乡村风格

田园乡村风格是一种推崇自然的地方装饰风格。结合了自然将乡土风味形成了一种清新的空间形式,是慵懒放松的家居体现。材质上采用天然石、木、竹、藤等材质,布艺多采用花卉图案为主,整体色彩以乳白色、白色、粉色、天然木色等以淡暖色系为主,线条也比较简洁。

3、中式风格

中式风格以中国古典建筑为装饰的室内设计艺术风格,给人一种壮丽华贵、气势恢弘之感,装饰主要以木材为原料,多用对称手法。图案有龙、凤、龟、狮等吉兽。中式风格造价大多比较高,精雕细琢、瑰丽奇巧的风格深受成功人士的喜爱。

4、现代简约风格

现代简约风格造价相对低一些,同时家装风格顺应了当今快节奏的生活,简约而不简单的个性风。虽摆设较少,但对材质要求极高,每件家具摆放位置都经过深思熟虑,做到多功能的利用空间。

主体拆改

从这一步开始,装修就进入到施工阶段。主体拆改就是按照设计方案,先把工地的框架搭起来。主要包括拆墙、砌墙、铲墙皮、更换门窗等等。

装修流程

1、在进行主体拆改之前首选要做的就是准备好图纸,一定要按照图纸规划进行改造工程,没有图纸的话就等于是没有做好规划拆改工作,在这种情况下不适合进行拆改工程,因此拆改图纸是必不可少的一部分。

2、在主体拆改的过程中原材料的去留也是一个大问题,这在拆改前期就需要最好必须的准备,例如原来的腻子如果是防水的就可以不用铲除了,其他可以直接使用的材料也可以保留下来,这样可以有效回收利用并且可以节省开支。

3、在进行墙体拆改的时候要注意,应该严格按照图纸指示进行拆墙、砌墙工作。

4、铲地皮,有暖气的拆掉暖气,换塑钢窗。

5、在拆改结束后会留下大量垃圾,这时需要施工队员清理垃圾以便进行下一步操作。

注意事项

1、在主体拆改的过程中首先要注意的是,承重墙不可拆除,根据我国相关法律条文规定,拆改承重墙是不合法的,承重墙是作为承受上一层楼层重量的主体部分,盲目拆除的话,可能会给房屋带来濒临倒塌的危险。

2、在混凝土中的门框不要盲目拆除,如果强制拆除的话可能会导致墙体倒塌的情况出现。

3、阳台上有矮墙的话不要拆除,否则可能会导致塌陷,如果影响美观,可以另行设计安排。

4、在拆除的过程中应该要注意的是,线路应该提前关闭好,对于隐藏在墙体中的线路要多加留意,提前关闭电闸是非常有必要的,避免不小心触碰导致触电危险。

5、居室中有些地面都是有防水层的,若是将防水层破坏的话,很容易使楼下的住户变成“水帘洞”。因此,业主在装修地面的时候需要注意的是,不要将地面防水层破坏,若是不小心破坏了的话,切记一定要重新做防水工程,并且做完后要经过“48小时渗水实验”后,如果不漏水,才算合格。

6、还有燃气管道的拆改也是要慎重的,若是居民或装修人员私自拆改燃气管道、包封燃气阀门很容易造成燃气泄漏。因为,燃气管道被包封起来,气体泄漏将很难会被发现,并且气体一旦泄露的话很不容易扩散。并且在使用的时候,也没有专业的安全监测,一旦遇见明火的话必然会引起爆炸的情况发生。

水电气改造

水电改造是装修中重要的工程部分,很多生活中房子会出现的问题都是水电工程不达标留下的隐患。所以对于这部分的施工一定要慎之又慎,避免后期出现不必要的麻烦。另外在操作完成后,也要做好防水的相关工作,这样后期的隐患也会减轻不少。

可以根据设计师的水电施工图纸进行水电改造。

水电改造方法

1、把关在装修的时候业主要对自己家里的布局有个全局的想法,要弄清楚家里的家具大概放什么地方,哪里放什么电器,多大的都要考虑好,这样有规划的做水电改造是很关键的,要不然会浪费很多人力物力,在设计的时候装修公司会为你出很多方案。

2、买材料的时候要看是不是正规的厂家生产的合格产品,现在的水电品牌多如牛毛,业主在装修的时候不知道什么牌子,什么规格的比较好,最好是对这方面的知识有些了解,要不然让装修公司去买的话以次充好,那就得不偿失了。

3、在进场的时候要对装修材料进行核实,看看是不是质量合格的材料,要不然装修好了就不好核实了,还有就是要对工作人员核实,看看他们是否具有水电暖施工资质,确认后才能让他们施工。

4、水电改造施工好后,要对施工的每一处细节要仔细的验收,水路验收的时候看水改是不是用金属管卡固定的,距离不能过大,浴室的出水口是不是左热右冷,距离是否达标,接口是不是水平。水电路线不能在同一槽内,每个下水口都要进行通水试验。必须要进行打压试验,时间压力要标准。

水电改造要点

1、首先要确定洗澡是要站着洗还是躺着洗,用浴盆还是淋浴,尺寸要多大,卫生间能不能容得下这个尺寸,这些问题都是要影响水路的上下水设计和电路的插座位置的。

2、若是选择安装淋浴是安装淋浴房还是装浴帘,是否要安装底座,附近是否有地漏,出水口大概在什么位置。

3、淋浴的出水口常规设计是左热右冷,两管之间的间距要保持15cm。因为目前市面上售卖的支架式淋浴龙头比较多,这样的淋浴龙头对于出水口的间距及尺寸要求比较严格。首先要保证两个出水口的水平高度一致,还要保证两个出水口在同一水平面上。还要特别注意一点就是出水口不能设置在腰线的位置,高度也要根据家庭成员的平均身高来确定。

4、二手房厨卫改造可能还涉及到地漏的移动和增加个数的问题。移动地漏需要注意一定要抬高地面,若是要安装深水封地漏,那么地面至少上抬10cm以上,可以采用局部地面抬高或是整体地面抬高的方式。在更换地漏时要注意一点,普通地漏不能作为洗衣机地漏,会出现返水现象。

5、坐便器移位也是卫生间拆改会遇到的问题,但切记坐便器移动的距离不能超过10cm,否则坐便器会下水不畅,容易堵。若是一定要移动坐便器的位置,那么就要从楼下改管移动马桶下水。

6、浴霸用风暖的还是灯暖的涉及到电路改造,因为灯暖的浴霸一般是要连5根电线,而风暖的浴霸的电线数一般是3-8根,具体看你选择什么样的型号了。

厨房水电

厨房要预留净水机的电源、进水口、排污管道,电源一般留在进水口旁边。厨房要使用燃气热水器的,要预留燃气热水器的进、出水管,一般选择靠窗户的位置,离地1.5米高,旁边预留插座。

燃气表旁边预留插座,电子燃气表需要电源;厨房操作台上方要装一排插座,供电饭煲、小家电使用,一般预留3-5个插座,高度1.2米;冰箱要在离地面0.5米到1米之间设置插座,因为冰箱在使用中等30厘米的位置是释放热量的空间,所以安装时要避免这些位置。

阳台水电

阳台水电比较简单,阳台洗衣机预留冷水管,阳台洗手盆预留冷热水管。洗衣机电源预留高度在40公分。顶部预留智能晾衣架电源。

卫生间水电

卫生间改造的时候需要注意的比较多。

水路:洗脸盆的冷热水口2个、留热水器的进水口和出水口各1个、坐便器或蹲厕水箱接口1个、淋浴区地漏1个,如果洗衣机放卫生间,也要给洗衣机预留地漏1个。冷热水管也要保持一定的距离,否则会影响水管的保温效果,洗澡时需要等很久才有热水。一般水管铺设时,左热右冷,间距是15厘米。

水管管道走完后要进行试水打压试验,再做防水处理。地漏安装完后马上冲水,因为担心安装过程中有水泥掉在下水管道中,时间长了受潮凝固,导致下水道不通。在卫生间墙面安装其它卫浴产品五金等,切记安装前要查阅水路电路存档照片,避开墙上的水管和电路。

电路:就算安装的是普通马桶,也要在旁边预留插座,方便业主以后安装智能马桶。预留热水器的进、出水管及电源,燃气和电的随便选择,都预留好。浴室柜旁边预留插座、浴室柜上面1.8米高预留电源,镜前灯使用。注意:卫生间要使用4mm²的铜芯线。水管尽量走顶,这样既方便做防水也方便以后检修。

客厅卧室水电

客厅卧室主要是要处理电路,要留意这些:客厅灯卧室灯要改成双控;客厅预留灯带、筒灯的开关及电源,开关一般放在电视墙。 电视墙电源一般留4-5个,高度在35公分,预留弱电,电视墙预留50管,挂电视时隐藏电线。在沙发的左右两边预留电源,以备手机充电,高度在40公分左右。卧室床头柜的插座抬高到60公分,方便插拔。书桌下预留多排插座。一般客厅空调一组回路,卧室空调每2台一组回路。如果业主家安装了新风或电热地暖,也要为它们准备专用回路。

室内整体装修

室内整体装修包括木工、泥瓦工、油漆工的装修。

木工作为一道繁杂的工序,也可当作是主体修改的关键环节来对待,与水电路的改良并不冲突,有时可能还需要一些配合。木工是为业主完成房屋装修过程中的各项木质工程的工种,其人工费用占到整个家装工程人工费用的40-60%不等。目前市场上比较常规的木工定制产品有:成品套装门、定制衣柜、定制书柜、定制橱柜、定制移门等。

泥瓦工序就是大家关心的贴瓷砖这一步骤,以及墙面、地面的基层处理和各区域防水工程。这项面子工程是否有好的施工质量不但直接影响到整体装修的外观是否整洁美观,而且防水质量直接关系到业主入住后的居住质量。

油漆工程一般是硬装即将结束的标志了,包含墙体表面处理、批腻子、砂纸打磨、刷底涂、刷涂料等步骤。油漆工程是面子工程,如果油漆工艺做的不好的话,就会留下入住后的困扰,如墙面开裂、掉漆等。所以一定要去注意施工工艺以及工艺原则,不遵守这些步骤的话就会影响家装质量了。

具体步骤

水电工完成之后,一般是先做木工,对其家里的石膏板等吊顶,电视背景墙以及家里需要打柜子的制作。

客厅吊顶

安装客厅天花板之前,必须绘制天花板的尺寸,然后设置好天花板上的位置,用冲击钻钻洞,最后用固定的膨胀螺丝的大龙骨(木质骨架称为龙骨)。然后,将地板上的骨架固定到天花板上,使用方形条作为固定柱,水平和水平固定骨架,并根据图纸的大小切割多余的骨架,下一步是固定石膏板。建议使用十字架将石膏板固定在天花板上并用螺丝固定。有必要去除剩余的石膏板。这个屋顶差不多完了。

住宅客厅吊顶的石膏板固定后,可以进行装饰。例如,在干墙的凹槽中施加纱布以避免收缩和开裂。将装饰线固定在天花板的边缘,最后放上腻子粉或其他装饰材料。漂亮的天花板就做好了。

电视背景墙

制作电视背景墙需要选择合适的材质,不同的材质所营造的效果不同,然后根据既定的材质,考虑背景墙是侧重实用还是侧重装饰。

可以采用大理石雕刻出的角线做造型,然后中间贴瓷砖用瓷砖贴出造型花样。这种造型一般都是与客厅的地砖造型相呼应的。客厅使用大理石来装饰能瞬间提前档次和品质,而且时尚的质感能体现出来,大理石面的不规则花纹,原生态的自然效果也是让人喜欢的另一面。

还有一种做法就是用文化石做背景墙,人造文化石一般具有环保节能,质量轻的优点。其古朴,极具造型感,被年轻人所青睐。由于是用作电视墙,瓷砖尽量选用柔光砖,表面光反射没有亮光砖强烈,看电视时开灯也不会有光反射。铺贴方式也同普通砖一样简单,价格也是地砖价格经济实惠。

定制家具

如果室内面积比较小,可以考虑选择定制家具。

目前,市场上已经出现一大批的定制家具企业。这些企业在大规模生产的基础上,将每位消费者视为一个单独的细分市场,满足单个消费者的个性需求。目前,多采用定制形式的家具主要有整体衣柜、整体书柜、整体橱柜、步入式衣帽间、入墙衣柜等。

定制家具的流程

A、一般情况下设计师会跟业主提前沟通一下,了解一下业主的想法以及生活方式。

B、带业主参观样品展厅,考察产品工艺和生产制作流程,交流家居配置风格需求,根据会谈详细记录分析,与业主约定初步配套方案面谈时间。

C、完成上面两步之后要做的是上门初步测量工作,确定好家居的尺寸以及摆放的位置,之后要做的就是进行多全方位的准确测量工作,精准测算出家居的尺寸以及占地面积和摆放布局等情况。

D、设计师会根据现场测量的实际结果绘制出基本的家具设计图,然后跟业主沟通之后就可以初步确定设计方案了。

E、面谈进行方案磋商,并进行调整终达到业主满意。

F、在家具的生产制作过程中应该随时与业主保持沟通,所采用的材料以及颜色要及时告知业主,有异议的话应该及时沟通调整。

客厅定制家具:可以根据需求定制电视柜和储物柜。

卧室定制家具:定制衣柜、床头柜

房间的整体定制:定制飘窗、榻榻米、书柜。

阳台定制家具:洗衣柜、储物柜。

厨房定制家具橱柜。

贴瓷砖

在我们木工完成之后,就可以进泥瓦工了,泥瓦工主要包含的就是大理石窗台,过门石,地漏以及瓷砖等安装。

贴瓷砖需要先准备好工具:瓷砖、拉线、水、混浆、泥砂。

1、对铺贴的墙体表面进行处理,清除表面污物。并洒水湿润,然后用水泥砂浆混合找平。

2、将墙砖完全置于清水中,一般三十分钟就可以了,随后取出,晾干水渍待用。

3、根据设计铺贴图样的要求,确定排砖方案。在干爽的找平层上拉上标线,让瓷砖在一个垂直面上。

4、铺贴釉面墙砖选择水泥型号425,砂子以中砂为好。水泥和砂子按1:3的比例加水搅拌成糊状备用。

5、在墙面上喷足够的水,在砖背面均匀抹上水泥砂浆。砂浆厚度以5mm-6mm为宜,用木锤轻轻拍牢,并随时用水平尺找平。

6、在瓷砖铺贴完成后,使用专用的瓷砖勾缝剂进行勾缝就可以了。

刷墙面漆

油漆工进场,主要是对墙面的一些基层处理及乳胶漆的涂刷等,还有就是一些需要上油漆的家具进行上漆。那大家要注意的是,墙面如果要贴壁纸的话,一定要叫油漆工在墙面上做基层处理。

墙面刷漆都要针对墙面做基层处理,让墙面尽量保持平整。然后再均匀的刮一遍腻子,在腻子干透后,用粗砂纸进行抛光。最后就可以抹涂料了,可以抹两层涂料,尽量均匀不得漏涂!

到这一步油漆工完成之后,整个装修的硬装基本上就完成了。以上都是一些装修的施工环节,而施工环节之后,我们还要进行一些安装环节。

厨卫吊顶

厨卫吊顶是所有安装环节的第一个环节。在我们安装橱柜的时候,我们一定要将其防潮吸顶灯、排风扇(浴霸)应该已经买好了。这样可以一起安装完成。

橱柜安装

厨卫间的吊顶结束后,我们就可以约橱柜的商家上门安装橱柜了。一般安装橱柜最快就一天时间就完成了。

在我们安装橱柜的时候,我们也可以将已买的水槽,灶台等送货上门安装了,然后一起进行安装。在这里大王就强调一点,燃气一定要提前开通好,因为安装完之后要进行试气的。

木门安装

橱柜安装完之后,下一步就要进行室内门安装了,注意一点的是,室内门要是定制的话,那一定要提前一个月定制,一般安装时间就一天时间。

开关插座灯具

壁纸贴完之后,我们就要进行开关,插座以及灯具的安装,那在此之前,我们一定要根据水电工给到的开关,插座、灯具数量进行提前购买好。

五金安装

五金安装部分,这里主要指的是一些水龙头,卫浴挂件以及洁具、阳台的晾衣架等等安装。在这里提醒大家,五金一定要购买好的,不然后期很容易坏掉,一旦坏了,后期更换非常的麻烦然而我们安装完上下水管件。水龙头,角阀等一定要进行开关测试,看看是否有漏水的问题。

开荒保洁

装修到上一步就全部完成了,接下来我们就要对其全屋彻底的清洁打扫了。

窗帘安装

此时就可以将其家里准备好的窗帘进行拿出来安装了!

家具、家电进场

完成基础装修后就开始安装家具家电了,可以把购买的沙发、床铺、冰箱、电视机等家具家电安装摆放在合适的地方。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"有些开发商为了挤压层高,会把每层用户的层高压到2.6米,甚至有些坑爹开发商会把层高压得更矮,这样在交楼后我们就要承受层高不足带来的一系列问题。面对矮层房子在装修的时候主要是避免空间感压抑感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MsgkdQ4Gioi2oCxuY0OcxhoEnHh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"了解矮层房子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KacUdAkQ4oSGwYxGg3Nc8Umense"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"层高合格吗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PqWgdoYauoa6WwxauWicpnNQnge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按照国家标准《住宅设计规范》中的规定,总体层高2.4米以上、局部2.1米以上才算合格,一般高于这个尺寸的层高,除非是空间面积很大,否则总体居住还算不会压抑的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuGGdQiQuoggoKx23kccVqJKnjd"},,"attrs":{"height":293,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"层高合格吗","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/868efc4314c54e2e9a06ee985cf36b5a","width":640},"text":"","id":"Yu6kdUC4Wo6SAQxenNCcPaKvnZJ"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"能否正常使用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QCoKd2sGKoese4xN5MCc5wclnCB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据网络公开数据,中国18-44岁男性平均身高为169.7厘米、女性平均身高为158厘米。一般2.6米的房子,去掉横梁30-40cm高度,剩余高度就大概是2.2米左右了。我这刚好有位同事身高1.75米,然后试了一下2.2米高的横梁体验——实测举手后手指刚好够着2.2米高的横梁体验,日常使用完全没有问题的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I862dsSYQoMoAUx2VEEcxjqvngh"},,"attrs":{"height":505,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"能否正常使用","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c65f5f2f361a46a69b1f9ab0ecbded3b","width":792},"text":"","id":"DeGCdYUywowwIWxcf4icwz8wnae"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BeSmdwm2woeEE6xC8P5codBqnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矮层房屋跟正常的房屋是有一些区别的,因为房子高度相较于正常房屋比较低,所以我们在装修的时候可以采取一定的装修方法,避免装修后看起来很压抑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LW8cdegQsoKWksxSIAecOAH2nQh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"房间整体色调","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IcIGdGig4oKeW8x6ZhKclhujnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楼层过矮,要避免过于花哨的颜色,不然在视觉上会显得很压抑。整体色系最好选择浅色系,地板选择深色,深色是辅助颜色,可以突出空间性。多选择浅色纺织物,柔化空间边缘。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IcGQdgA8aoWs2cxG5x1cADJOndb"},,"attrs":{"height":428,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"房间整体色调","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d5b5dbcb5eb8456c8dad0a4acd03b105","width":682},"text":"","id":"QuQSdweWgo8IqYxEt8Bcxekunvf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修与家具软装都应该以浅色简约为主,避免大体积、颜色深的设计,深色反光映在天花上,会压抑让天花板灰沉沉的,进而使得层高矮的劣质放大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M0Ecd8QiGoesIixwPhacSlGgnLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"相反使用浅色系会模糊房间边缘,让房间整体看起来空间比较大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Agced4g8qo8mAyxW2d4ciEp1nae"},,"attrs":{"height":427,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"房间整体色调","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0e8b406e692b4264aad215c1c35ed822","width":640},"text":"","id":"GWs8d0SEEoQ2USx6s2ycGLcVngg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"空间别大而空","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ei4sdMW4AoCAEWxAdNRcQpren7E"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平时生活中如果留心就会发现机场、车站的层高都是非常宏阔的,商场、超市的层高也比普通住宅高出不少。之所以这样,是因为这些商业空间的面积都比较大,所以层高就要做得高一些,才不会显得压抑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"COWaduiceomC0GxuyZ6cn5xQnUi"},,"attrs":{"height":427,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"空间别大而空","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/31fcab75141a4ba89e15ced0674895b4","width":640},"text":"","id":"H4eidE6eMoY00CxmdCTcUGAMnFF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"而在普通家庭装修中,若层高较小,住房空间又很大很空的话,同样容易造成压抑的感觉,因为我们往前看的时候,越远的东西就越小,而空间较大层高矮的时候,我们看远端位置,就会显得更矮了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIaIdIe8ooMGasxi9lEcCXKFnVs"},,"attrs":{"height":390,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"空间别大而空","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2f454b544b444ad3b7b62c0d54d410f4","width":640},"text":"","id":"MOwqdwOG4oQm2GxeWvVc7hrbnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所以我们在装修时要把房间填充起来,避免出现特别空旷的情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DYwedCq8ooEySwxG2yFcbmHhnLb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于吊顶部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CGE8dOCQ0oiMCux0tHdcxTDOn0F"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"不做吊顶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IoUkdau82oMKswxADAYcVOitnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果楼层矮,面积小,不是必须需要吊顶的地方可以不吊顶,像卫生间这种空间,为了防水是肯定要吊顶的。而客厅选择就多了,可以不吊顶,用吸顶灯装饰空间。或者刷白,做彩绘。做个假吊顶,滚一圈石膏线,四周做吊顶,中间留下灯池,这样四周厚,中间薄就呈现出吊顶效果了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iy4gd46WIoW2CwxSiJicqwd8nie"},,"attrs":{"height":474,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"不做吊顶","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9f59e2d478af446fa1c6643d9f34920f","width":633},"text":"","id":"ISiWdakaAogoUQx0qTCc5OvMn6d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"吊顶造型从简","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2cCdAgyIo84uuxu61bcI8RRnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"层高较小的房子,吊顶造型尽量从简,不要做复杂的叠级吊顶,这种叠级吊顶做完后四周会更矮,空间感会比较紧迫。","id":""}],"te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"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/382fba4cad344f85b034e35c581daa63","width":1043},"text":"","id":"JgoIdyIe8oeaCox8p88c3uFln1f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"主体拆改","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CUaYd8i80o2M6yxyWl9cvekZnQn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从这一步开始,装修就进入到施工阶段。主体拆改就是按照设计方案,先把工地的框架搭起来。主要包括拆墙、砌墙、铲墙皮、更换门窗等等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L0iod2SSmoag0yxERS9cuUJ0ndh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装修流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GuugdAS8eokkAKx8hU5c72T3nld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、在进行主体拆改之前首选要做的就是准备好图纸,一定要按照图纸规划进行改造工程,没有图纸的话就等于是没有做好规划拆改工作,在这种情况下不适合进行拆改工程,因此拆改图纸是必不可少的一部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2kmd2suwoMMeOxS8zYcnogHnme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在主体拆改的过程中原材料的去留也是一个大问题,这在拆改前期就需要最好必须的准备,例如原来的腻子如果是防水的就可以不用铲除了,其他可以直接使用的材料也可以保留下来,这样可以有效回收利用并且可以节省开支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEO0dGOoEo2AOGx4KMjcZHXtnfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在进行墙体拆改的时候要注意,应该严格按照图纸指示进行拆墙、砌墙工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Owu8d44EKoAEYoxS8Xuc1yBwnVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、铲地皮,有暖气的拆掉暖气,换塑钢窗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bc2Yd62EQoOisMxchLlc2LjrnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、在拆改结束后会留下大量垃圾,这时需要施工队员清理垃圾以便进行下一步操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ow6MdMeYIoo20GxMlENcaUJ1nNc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cc0kdKcGIoCmCcxMJGgcduosnKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、在主体拆改的过程中首先要注意的是,承重墙不可拆除,根据我国相关法律条文规定,拆改承重墙是不合法的,承重墙是作为承受上一层楼层重量的主体部分,盲目拆除的话,可能会给房屋带来濒临倒塌的危险。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ke0Odyi8coGIysxGdE7chE9cn3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在混凝土中的门框不要盲目拆除,如果强制拆除的话可能会导致墙体倒塌的情况出现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mgswdgk2GoUUy0xeSfRcjjY8njd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、阳台上有矮墙的话不要拆除,否则可能会导致塌陷,如果影响美观,可以另行设计安排。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VSQKd8go6okoQoxSO12civOynzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、在拆除的过程中应该要注意的是,线路应该提前关闭好,对于隐藏在墙体中的线路要多加留意,提前关闭电闸是非常有必要的,避免不小心触碰导致触电危险。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWecdu2oOowK46xKWBCcxOA1ntf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、居室中有些地面都是有防水层的,若是将防水层破坏的话,很容易使楼下的住户变成“水帘洞”。因此,业主在装修地面的时候需要注意的是,不要将地面防水层破坏,若是不小心破坏了的话,切记一定要重新做防水工程,并且做完后要经过“48小时渗水实验”后,如果不漏水,才算合格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GmyQd6mSmoc2ooxsP0Wc9Snwnjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、还有燃气管道的拆改也是要慎重的,若是居民或装修人员私自拆改燃气管道、包封燃气阀门很容易造成燃气泄漏。因为,燃气管道被包封起来,气体泄漏将很难会被发现,并且气体一旦泄露的话很不容易扩散。并且在使用的时候,也没有专业的安全监测,一旦遇见明火的话必然会引起爆炸的情况发生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ToSWd0yEEokEsMxq0xwcCBNHnJb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电气改造","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CkcodK4oio2AIgxMxCFcp2OMn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造是装修中重要的工程部分,很多生活中房子会出现的问题都是水电工程不达标留下的隐患。所以对于这部分的施工一定要慎之又慎,避免后期出现不必要的麻烦。另外在操作完成后,也要做好防水的相关工作,这样后期的隐患也会减轻不少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"McgIdCw0Uoqe42xUjTscqmeLnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以根据设计师的水电施工图纸进行水电改造。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NoKKdYiMkosmOsxXqeWcU1QvnkW"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeswdssgeoEqOCxGYfUcNiEOn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、把关在装修的时候业主要对自己家里的布局有个全局的想法,要弄清楚家里的家具大概放什么地方,哪里放什么电器,多大的都要考虑好,这样有规划的做水电改造是很关键的,要不然会浪费很多人力物力,在设计的时候装修公司会为你出很多方案。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"POMWdSQQMoOU0qx4nuMcLmclnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、买材料的时候要看是不是正规的厂家生产的合格产品,现在的水电品牌多如牛毛,业主在装修的时候不知道什么牌子,什么规格的比较好,最好是对这方面的知识有些了解,要不然让装修公司去买的话以次充好,那就得不偿失了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VayCdIaoSoaGw8xcpLlcctNVnHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在进场的时候要对装修材料进行核实,看看是不是质量合格的材料,要不然装修好了就不好核实了,还有就是要对工作人员核实,看看他们是否具有水电暖施工资质,确认后才能让他们施工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FKGcd0u8Qo0ysExmSVgcnFbnn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、水电改造施工好后,要对施工的每一处细节要仔细的验收,水路验收的时候看水改是不是用金属管卡固定的,距离不能过大,浴室的出水口是不是左热右冷,距离是否达标,接口是不是水平。水电路线不能在同一槽内,每个下水口都要进行通水试验。必须要进行打压试验,时间压力要标准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HuMidISQOoSEO0xucQccrtkqn8c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电改造要点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NKy6dW4cIoIQiSxKqb5cRXmAn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先要确定洗澡是要站着洗还是躺着洗,用浴盆还是淋浴,尺寸要多大,卫生间能不能容得下这个尺寸,这些问题都是要影响水路的上下水设计和电路的插座位置的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HyMmdC8Oko0goExgdEXcI13bnqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、若是选择安装淋浴是安装淋浴房还是装浴帘,是否要安装底座,附近是否有地漏,出水口大概在什么位置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CMGsdCOmAowMgQx4lNscqiSAnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、淋浴的出水口常规设计是左热右冷,两管之间的间距要保持15cm。因为目前市面上售卖的支架式淋浴龙头比较多,这样的淋浴龙头对于出水口的间距及尺寸要求比较严格。首先要保证两个出水口的水平高度一致,还要保证两个出水口在同一水平面上。还要特别注意一点就是出水口不能设置在腰线的位置,高度也要根据家庭成员的平均身高来确定。","id":""}],"text":"","i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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyiwdA0Y0o0KEexmmVMcsjNgndf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台水电比较简单,阳台洗衣机预留冷水管,阳台洗手盆预留冷热水管。洗衣机电源预留高度在40公分。顶部预留智能晾衣架电源。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KQWadEasSoCaaOxQThtc4cREnrb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"卫生间水电","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQ4YdGK22o8O4Wx8rXSckYRBnDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"卫生间改造的时候需要注意的比较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GIsidiqGmo40YexcTw2cjZyynRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"水路:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"洗脸盆的冷热水口2个、留热水器的进水口和出水口各1个、坐便器或蹲厕水箱接口1个、淋浴区地漏1个,如果洗衣机放卫生间,也要给洗衣机预留地漏1个。冷热水管也要保持一定的距离,否则会影响水管的保温效果,洗澡时需要等很久才有热水。一般水管铺设时,左热右冷,间距是15厘米。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeU2dwiSSoiskwx6xzpcJmgjnCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水管管道走完后要进行试水打压试验,再做防水处理。地漏安装完后马上冲水,因为担心安装过程中有水泥掉在下水管道中,时间长了受潮凝固,导致下水道不通。在卫生间墙面安装其它卫浴产品五金等,切记安装前要查阅水路电路存档照片,避开墙上的水管和电路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MouMd4o2Aouq46xQn1tcRwtbnwc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"电路:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"就算安装的是普通马桶,也要在旁边预留插座,方便业主以后安装智能马桶。预留热水器的进、出水管及电源,燃气和电的随便选择,都预留好。浴室柜旁边预留插座、浴室柜上面1.8米高预留电源,镜前灯使用。注意:卫生间要使用4mm²的铜芯线。水管尽量走顶,这样既方便做防水也方便以后检修。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fm08d4sw0oYeSMxUp3LcFKMhnEc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅卧室水电 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8gQdu4KMoYcKAxiaIgc3VRCnQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅卧室主要是要处理电路,要留意这些:客厅灯卧室灯要改成双控;客厅预留灯带、筒灯的开关及电源,开关一般放在电视墙。 电视墙电源一般留4-5个,高度在35公分,预留弱电,电视墙预留50管,挂电视时隐藏电线。在沙发的左右两边预留电源,以备手机充电,高度在40公分左右。卧室床头柜的插座抬高到60公分,方便插拔。书桌下预留多排插座。一般客厅空调一组回路,卧室空调每2台一组回路。如果业主家安装了新风或电热地暖,也要为它们准备专用回路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ag2GdAoAiocG6Ox4Rrdcicj3nFf"},,"attrs":{"height":589,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅卧室水电 ","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/659ec836648b4c89a0e9c0f797946238","width":939},"text":"","id":"R0gkd28qqoGGsExETH3cscbsnZd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内整体装修","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EsccdcmgSoWWqcx45w4cmK47nxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内整体装修包括木工、泥瓦工、油漆工的装修。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CYm6dWM2MooW0KxkWmPc2fngn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"木工作为一道繁杂的工序,也可当作是主体修改的关键环节来对待,与水电路的改良并不冲突,有时可能还需要一些配合。木工是为业主完成房屋装修过程中的各项木质工程的工种,其人工费用占到整个家装工程人工费用的40-60%不等。目前市场上比较常规的木工定制产品有:成品套装门、定制衣柜、定制书柜、定制橱柜、定制移门等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bg6qdoyoYoGSqcx6oecc0MHmnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泥瓦工序就是大家关心的贴瓷砖这一步骤,以及墙面、地面的基层处理和各区域防水工程。这项面子工程是否有好的施工质量不但直接影响到整体装修的外观是否整洁美观,而且防水质量直接关系到业主入住后的居住质量。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AQI0dGUc6oS6E0xg2mEcKIk7n3y"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工程一般是硬装即将结束的标志了,包含墙体表面处理、批腻子、砂纸打磨、刷底涂、刷涂料等步骤。油漆工程是面子工程,如果油漆工艺做的不好的话,就会留下入住后的困扰,如墙面开裂、掉漆等。所以一定要去注意施工工艺以及工艺原则,不遵守这些步骤的话就会影响家装质量了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U0sUdueeMoMswWxiKmhcm9Fhnbe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K0g8dQIyOo4uS6xwZegcVauNnTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水电工完成之后,一般是先做木工,对其家里的石膏板等吊顶,电视背景墙以及家里需要打柜子的制作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Hqc0de6s2osEQ6x2iQcc4C91nXp"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅吊顶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CmE0dQsiSoaQuQx4if7c1ecdnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"安装客厅天花板之前,必须绘制天花板的尺寸,然后设置好天花板上的位置,用冲击钻钻洞,最后用固定的膨胀螺丝的大龙骨(木质骨架称为龙骨)。然后,将地板上的骨架固定到天花板上,使用方形条作为固定柱,水平和水平固定骨架,并根据图纸的大小切割多余的骨架,下一步是固定石膏板。建议使用十字架将石膏板固定在天花板上并用螺丝固定。有必要去除剩余的石膏板。这个屋顶差不多完了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wqmsdu88uocWcyx6HK5cBp9Lnxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"住宅客厅吊顶的石膏板固定后,可以进行装饰。例如,在干墙的凹槽中施加纱布以避免收缩和开裂。将装饰线固定在天花板的边缘,最后放上腻子粉或其他装饰材料。漂亮的天花板就做好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O0cKdgE8eo6IMyx8twucaAUCnge"},,"attrs":{"height":439,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅吊顶","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cd5be50623b848918f488d653fd4afe0","width":905},"text":"","id":"YmUqdEUgooWsOWxmgIpcXsPFn7f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"电视背景墙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TkqQd8a0aoioYsxc7t6cosjZnce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作电视背景墙需要选择合适的材质,不同的材质所营造的效果不同,然后根据既定的材质,考虑背景墙是侧重实用还是侧重装饰。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E2owdW0wcoY6EkxOSPOctEAnnJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以采用大理石雕刻出的角线做造型,然后中间贴瓷砖用瓷砖贴出造型花样。这种造型一般都是与客厅的地砖造型相呼应的。客厅使用大理石来装饰能瞬间提前档次和品质,而且时尚的质感能体现出来,大理石面的不规则花纹,原生态的自然效果也是让人喜欢的另一面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xm0cdAYoSoIO2cxI5KQc3Y9PnLe"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电视背景墙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6f865d4137ef45bd8d41242db04916db","width":600},"text":"","id":"DcawdOeoioUOAYxUwwsc97HBn8n"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"还有一种做法就是用文化石做背景墙,人造文化石一般具有环保节能,质量轻的优点。其古朴,极具造型感,被年轻人所青睐。由于是用作电视墙,瓷砖尽量选用柔光砖,表面光反射没有亮光砖强烈,看电视时开灯也不会有光反射。铺贴方式也同普通砖一样简单,价格也是地砖价格经济实惠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PgCYdew0CoywaGx0IKqcd3htnwh"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"电视背景墙","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cc6735b0647f427baaac048825247849","width":600},"text":"","id":"G8Gsd6MCIoICeYxyashcvgO9n4c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQQydmUcMoe8oSxC9DKckIftnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果室内面积比较小,可以考虑选择定制家具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RG8kdoMSco6ygYxkVTScEvBhnfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前,市场上已经出现一大批的定制家具企业。这些企业在大规模生产的基础上,将每位消费者视为一个单独的细分市场,满足单个消费者的个性需求。目前,多采用定制形式的家具主要有整体衣柜、整体书柜、整体橱柜、步入式衣帽间、入墙衣柜等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N20edwQg4oAmWWxWkTkcgckRnMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具的流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UkMqdGwK8ocIQsxsNdHcy1L7n7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"A、一般情况下设计师会跟业主提前沟通一下,了解一下业主的想法以及生活方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H2g2d6im2o0m4kxKUk2cEqG8nPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"B、带业主参观样品展厅,考察产品工艺和生产制作流程,交流家居配置风格需求,根据会谈详细记录分析,与业主约定初步配套方案面谈时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RE0OdgG04omSC6xk10ycbIwNngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"C、完成上面两步之后要做的是上门初步测量工作,确定好家居的尺寸以及摆放的位置,之后要做的就是进行多全方位的准确测量工作,精准测算出家居的尺寸以及占地面积和摆放布局等情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iso0d6Sk6oy0EgxCIQkcxcgynse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"D、设计师会根据现场测量的实际结果绘制出基本的家具设计图,然后跟业主沟通之后就可以初步确定设计方案了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C6WgdUWguoaoSzxhRmocpRZLn2G"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"E、面谈进行方案磋商,并进行调整终达到业主满意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Im2IdIisyo6sGexGS2WcKzMlnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"F、在家具的生产制作过程中应该随时与业主保持沟通,所采用的材料以及颜色要及时告知业主,有异议的话应该及时沟通调整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AO8Udeq0iosGSCxetI7cs2DNnOD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"客厅定制家具:可以根据需求定制电视柜和储物柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DWESdCECKoa2kexsFRMc135fnGg"},,"attrs":{"height":476,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3465af811e0424abfc512cf333281dd","width":603},"text":"","id":"QyAadK0I0osgEAxoj5qctbWsnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"卧室定制家具:定制衣柜、床头柜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NOaydIOemo82eqxS8VTcMNKrnHc"},,"attrs":{"height":534,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4f8ddf01fc034110948b820a48c804ce","width":933},"text":"","id":"NMaMdkmgcoii6Oxem93cRaXNndf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"房间的整体定制:定制飘窗、榻榻米、书柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCG6dUCE8omqMixYnQAc3TwgnFf"},,"attrs":{"height":541,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3f61cecb389a4afe9e615d723133cee5","width":720},"text":"","id":"JukYdsAmSoK2OYxC9exc6hQLnCL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台定制家具:洗衣柜、储物柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V8iwdqs6KocSWExiUnscIMdYn3g"},,"attrs":{"height":434,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f5d0cd9e073649bba2e93331845691e9","width":665},"text":"","id":"KkWGdEk4woKUugxgNwEcwpGAnCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨房定制家具橱柜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IYCedom6oowmsyxqAn4cEfiTnPf"},,"attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定制家具","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b397a29955494b319f2c9b918789d484","width":826},"text":"","id":"WcS8dkYQcoUEkcxKoeNcgtdUnle"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ti0EdUm2MokIu4xMfSUc6pR0nMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在我们木工完成之后,就可以进泥瓦工了,泥瓦工主要包含的就是大理石窗台,过门石,地漏以及瓷砖等安装。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UsyUdOYEWo2umMxcFZQcxSUQnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖需要先准备好工具:瓷砖、拉线、水、混浆、泥砂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAu8dQKwkogaoexAHNScrvghnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、对铺贴的墙体表面进行处理,清除表面污物。并洒水湿润,然后用水泥砂浆混合找平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KEq4dcEQaoiOw4xSS7AczFs7nCd"},,"attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/930ae1d8c3f242389aaec4eb928ab18b","width":406},"text":"","id":"BSo4d4qkAo2omwxDh9tc6MKmnLa"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、将墙砖完全置于清水中,一般三十分钟就可以了,随后取出,晾干水渍待用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YWyWduggYoswsIxywX2cjLbtnhe"},,"attrs":{"height":242,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b9cc10003ce74f26afb1f8bcc7cd3a82","width":438},"text":"","id":"EuG8dy26QoMaOExaMzVcJZETntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、根据设计铺贴图样的要求,确定排砖方案。在干爽的找平层上拉上标线,让瓷砖在一个垂直面上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PYqedqoSWoiqUexuGx2cU9EYnce"},,"attrs":{"height":271,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fe1899641d9f482aabf9a804dbd4d79a","width":514},"text":"","id":"FymodkUGuoYYS6xiwtvcQXF7nhe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、铺贴釉面墙砖选择水泥型号425,砂子以中砂为好。水泥和砂子按1:3的比例加水搅拌成糊状备用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XSG6dMkCqoWwAKxEBxYci9Cqntc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、在墙面上喷足够的水,在砖背面均匀抹上水泥砂浆。砂浆厚度以5mm-6mm为宜,用木锤轻轻拍牢,并随时用水平尺找平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LcYUdaQ4QoYIywxK2Ovc0wbRn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、在瓷砖铺贴完成后,使用专用的瓷砖勾缝剂进行勾缝就可以了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AI0idIeSSoSOSMxkF3BcWPC4nEg"},,"attrs":{"height":529,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"贴瓷砖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a516c9052f2e414580eaee97fa5274c4","width":817},"text":"","id":"McagdeMmao6AGixyafzcmxXOnCc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"刷墙面漆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CQUmdUmCgoy4cixaCXdc9q5Gn3Y"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"油漆工进场,主要是对墙面的一些基层处理及乳胶漆的涂刷等,还有就是一些需要上油漆的家具进行上漆。那大家要注意的是,墙面如果要贴壁纸的话,一定要叫油漆工在墙面上做基层处理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IY2udEAeUogcOQxi4cXcSxJgnvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墙面刷漆都要针对墙面做基层处理,让墙面尽量保持平整。然后再均匀的刮一遍腻子,在腻子干透后,用粗砂纸进行抛光。最后就可以抹涂料了,可以抹两层涂料,尽量均匀不得漏涂!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AY6Ydoo4IomIyoxsvMYc1hhRnSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"到这一步油漆工完成之后,整个装修的硬装基本上就完成了。以上都是一些装修的施工环节,而施工环节之后,我们还要进行一些安装环节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSEYdIIuGoWKoUxWa6oct7y1nrf"},,"attrs":{"height":533,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"刷墙面漆","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3e38e735d14640ff95c0e0cf95901800","width":812},"text":"","id":"Iio6dEWYKo4OqYxQOu0c5nTOnlb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"厨卫吊顶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XgEQd8uwaoa6GIxa0g6cFfKMn3e"},{"type":"paragraph","child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bcd-517wlhssedb9海尔冰箱

行楷又称“汉字行楷手写体字形”,是偏重于楷书书写笔法,比楷书行笔自由,又比行草规正的行书字体。是汉字在楷书基础上简约书写笔画、增强书写映带、表现书写意趣的实用性字体。行楷最大的优势在于实用性极强,书写速度快、易识易学。

行楷特点

行笔轻盈

书写楷书,运笔稳实、缓慢,笔画讲究工整、挺健。书写行楷,运笔轻松、便捷,线条追求流畅、明快。

点画灵动

书写楷书,笔画造型完整,点画之间呼应关系含蓄。书写行楷,点画活泼,连带显露,点、钩、挑等动感笔画明显增多。

字形多变

楷书的字形平正端庄,通篇整齐均匀,相映如一。行楷字的字形变化多姿,通篇大小相间,正敧相错,同一个字可以有多种写法。

硬笔行楷

姿势

坐姿

推荐的坐姿:头正、肩平、臂开、足安;眼离纸一尺高,手离笔尖一寸长,胸离桌子拳头,推荐坐姿如下图。

握姿

推荐的握姿:拇指、食指捏住笔,中指抵住笔杆底;余下两指紧相依,指离笔尖一寸余;五指配合齐用力,不松不紧最适宜,推荐握姿如下图。

工具

选笔

1、钢笔

钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位,较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。关于练习钢笔的选择,我们可以遵从以下原则:

(1)不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习;

(2)不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题;

(3)不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔,尽量做到成本控制,贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。

中性笔

中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点,是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中,日常生活中,大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。

中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则:

(1)书写流度。笔触顺骨,笔画饱满,墨色均匀;

(2)握笔舒适度。长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感;

(3)墨干燥速度。书写时不会被谱黑就行。

3、其他笔

除了钢笔和中性笔,其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多,最为常见的有铅笔,圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。

字帖

分类

字帖大体可分为三类:(1)笔画结构详解类(2)集字类(3)语录文章类。初学者可以购入三类字帖分别一本,有一定基础者可以购入后两类字帖各一本,基础扎实者可购最后一类字帖。行楷定型试验于2019年6月10日启动,2019年10月24日初步定型,所用字帖为荆霄鹏的《实用行楷字帖》(图1)、《林徽因语录行楷》(图2)。《实用行楷字帖》属于集字类,《林徽因语录行楷》属于语录文章类。

图1

图2

推荐字帖

当代有大量优秀行楷字帖,比如吴玉生、田英章、钱沛云等人的行(楷)字帖。

昊玉生的行楷字站:《怎样写好写快规范字》《公务员汉字书写5500字》、《古文观止》、《硬笔行书红楼梦诗词》等。

田英章的行(楷)字帖:《钢笔行书实用技法字帖》、《漂亮字的快写技巧(行书)》、《现代汉语常用3500字(行书)》等。

钱沛云的行(楷)字帖:《钱沛云硬笔书法技巧》《钱市云教你写好硬笔行书》等。

对于字站的选择需要根据自己的喜好,但是也要避雷。

选择字帖三不选:不选折凹槽类字帖;不选手写体类字帖;不选大幅度描红类字帖。

练习纸种类繁多,常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等,练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础,初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等,随着阶段的变化,练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助,达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序,不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。

重点:从脱离米字格到白纸,练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习,不属于完全转换状态。

另外,有以下几个点可以注意:

(1)当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题,建议换纸。

(2)不要使用线格过小的纸,选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。

(3)不要刻意追求“好”纸,硬笔行楷的练习对纸的要求较低。

练字内容

从欣赏一幅书法作品的角度,至少会从章法、结构、笔画(划)三方面进行解读,这三方面即是要练字的内容。

章法

章法是安排布置整幅作品中,字与字、行与行之间呼应、照顾等关系的方法,它着重于字与字之间、行与行之间的协调。章法包含着字形大小、字距远近、字态正奇、黑白分布、落款铃印等,利用这些手段可以使众多单字在特定的风格下形成一种和谐稳定美观又不失趣味的作品。

结构

结构是字内各笔画长短、粗细、疏密、布局等。汉字从结构上分有独体字与合体字两大类。从结构形式看,合体字分为七种,即上下结构、上中下结构、左右结构、左中右结构、半包围结构、全包围结构和品字形结构,巧妙地组织笔画让笔画布局合理,传达的视觉效果越好。

笔画(划)

永字反映出了“点、横、竖、撇、捺、提、折、钩”八个基本笔画。笔尖与纸面接触的痕迹,反映出笔画力度、角度、粗细、曲直等。笔画作为练字的起点,是最基础也是最核心的,务必加倍重视。

练字方式

临摹字帖是当下练字最有效的途径,但是部分人在临摹之前往往忽略了一个前提:读帖。将练字方法分解为三个部分:读帖、摹写、临写。

读帖

读帖需要分析字帖范字的笔画、结构、章法。读帖是一个发挥主观能动性的过程,初步练习时应更多的注重笔画的长短、粗细、徐疾、轻重,笔画之间的俯仰、向背、离合、呼应,字的大小、方圆、高矮、宽窄等等。仔细领会字帖的点画形质、间架结构、气韵神采,才能下笔准确。对同一字帖而言,应从其点画开始,观察其起笔、行笔、收笔如何完成以及同一类笔画之间的细小差别等,再到观察毎个字的间架结构、位置布局和章法,最后则是体味字站的气韵神采、风格特点,为准确地临写做好准备。对不同字帖而言,就比如不止选择的两本字帖,往往起到一个相辅相成的作用,为了解一个字体作好充分的准备。经过观察,不止使用的行楷字帖,不像古帖变化较多,容易学习,方便掌握。

摹写

市面上流通的大多数摹写字帖采用透明度较高的硫酸纸覆盖在字帖上,按照影子描写(或者猫红)。当你开始使用摹写时前也要详细的读帖,做到心中有数。摹写过程中,尽量与原帖的用笔一致,单字书写一气呵成,不可存在먹笔填笔等问题。摹写有利有弊,不止认为摹写存在降低主观能动性的嫌疑,故整个练字试验过程都没有使用摹写。

临写

临写根据要求的不同可分为对临、背临和意临。

1、对临

可将字帖置于视角左侧或前端,便于准确观察。随着练字形式的多样化,对临时关于字帖的摆放只要适用于自己即可,可通过裁剪字帖放大观察范围,不必拘泥形式。基于读帖,写完后再将自己写的与字帖仔细对照分析,找到不足做出标记,再次临写,循环练习直到与字帖的字高度相以。临写时不可看一笔写一笔。

2、背临

在读帖,摹写,对临这些过程中,应当有所思索、有所比较、有所记忆,将字帖熟记于心,合帖临写,通过背临这种方式来检验自己是否熟练,这种方式就好比背语文课文,作为一种检查手段的同时,也是在巩固字体的练习,以形成记忆模式,达到一种出笔即像的境界。有部分练习者对照字帖能写得很好,一旦离开字站,不管是字形还是结构都降了层次,这就是因为没有使用好背临这一招。学习一个字体最后目的就是要将帖上字化为已用,想要到达这一目的,背临是必经的过程。背临还有两种形式:空背临和心背临。由于这两种方式不存在使用工具、时间、环境等的要求,完全可以利用碎片时间进行练习与巩固。空背临可用手指、木棍等工具在空中、地上或身上,通过记忆比照字帖写。心背临即在心里描摹字帖,在脑中再现每一笔每一画,这种方式适合睡觉前时用。

3、意临

在临写时注入了自己的主观意识,意临是由临摹过渡到创作的必经之路。诸多初学者存在一个问题:练字时喜欢掺杂自己的意识,这是一种正常的现象,但是也是要趁早正视解决的问题,到达意临这个阶段才开始融入主观思维,切不可过早掺入。意临可从为两种,第一种是在原帖字体风格的基础上,使用自己的笔法或结体特征来表现;第二种是在自己字体风格的基础上,使用原站的笔法和结体特征来适应自己的“意”。

注意事项

三种练字方法的合理利用才能在练字过程取得一个不错的效率,需要我们注意如下几点:

1、多临少摹

不止在为期四个多月的练习期间不采用摹写是因为降低了主观能动性。将摹写与临写进行有机结合,以临写为主、摹写为辅的方式取长补短,未必不是一种好的方法。

2、循序渐进

一般而言,从摹写到临写,各项练习方法应当有效穿插,相互作为辅助关系。

3、先专后博

比如不止选择的两本字帖,先《实用行楷字帖》,后《林数因语录行楷》,两本字帖虽然都是荆香鹏的字,但有差别。先打好基础,解决好笔画结构,再进入长篇幅的练习。同时也可以找书家其他字帖,进行广泛吸收。

4、点面结合

在练习前期,笔画与结构的练习往往是结合在一起。由于诸多现代字帖制作是由字体库生成,相同的字没有变化,极有利于练习(也有弊端,不够灵动)。练习中后期,笔画、结构、章法相互穿插练习,可以进行通临,形成面到点,点到面的良性循环。

5、讲究实效

练字不是抄字,做事要做有用功,每一笔、每一字都需要精益求精,不求数量求质量。当今生活节奏过快,部分人练习时总想急于求成,练字不是一朝一夕的事,讲究效率的同时也要注重坚持。

行楷技巧

连写笔画

写行楷书,往往将相邻的笔画连写,以方便书写。

引用草书

为增强行书的流动笔意,注重牵丝连带,调节行气,也可以把人们比较熟悉的草字直接串写在行楷书中。

简化字形

行楷书书写时,由于连写笔画,可以适当减少笔画数、简化了字形,使书写更加便捷。

改变笔顺

行楷书为了连写方便,有一些字改变了楷书的笔画顺序。总体上要保证美感,章法布局上要讲究错落有致,空间布白。

略带斜势

行楷书在书写时,为行笔连带方便,横可以大幅度上斜,字形略带斜势,自成新的体势。

大小相间

行楷书在排行书写时,字形大小,随其自然,大小相间,使行气更加流畅自然。

章法布局排列

字的大小讲究有大有小,错落有致,相得益彰,这样能够使整体更加美观大方。

规律技巧

左短右长

是指左部偏旁较右部要短、而且小。书写时,左部要写小、并略靠上一些,为右部写宽长一些留出位置。这类字的右部往往有撇画向左部的下方伸展,要恰到好处,不能伸的太长。比如:听、作、观等。

左高右低

点竖对正

指在一个字中,有上下两个中竖者,两个中竖应当垂直对正。竖能对正,则字身不倒。在许多字中,中竖决定字的重心,安放位置对与错就决定了这个字的好坏。

左斜右正

凡左右结构者,以左斜右正者居多,左斜为呼,右正为应,有呼无应,字势必殇,有应无呼,无源之水,均不能立,呼者以斜而取势,应者以平而安神,呈左动而右稳,书呼疾而应迟。

左宽右窄

撇捺不相连

上展下收

横长撇短

上紧下松

书写要点

行楷入门,以吴玉生行楷字为例。

常用字“大”字虽然笔画简单,但并不好写,眼睛一看就会,但是写出来总觉得姿态别扭。

为了方便记忆,下面我把“大”字书写要点归结为“3直1弯”。

①横画要直,用中横,要果断,粗壮有力,不宜带弧度;

②竖撇竖要直;

③捺画前半段要直;

④竖撇跨过横画之后,急转弯,弧度非常大。

毛笔行楷

姿势

坐姿

写毛笔字以坐姿为主。一则练二三寸大楷字无须站立,坐着写就行了;二则坐着省力又利于凝神聚气,注意力容易集中。主张写二三寸大楷模也要用立姿的主要原因是为了练习悬肘,其实坐着写也照样可以用悬肘法,关键是方法要正确。正确的坐姿应该是头正、身直、臂开、足安”(见图下)。

头正:指书写时头要摆正,不可偏侧。

身直:指身体要平正、坐直,两肩齐平,当然直立不是要昂首挺胸,而应该肩背放松,自然下沉,身子略向前倾,胸口与桌面保持一多的间隔,切忌弯腰驼背,甚至将下巴枕靠在左手背上。

臂开:指手臂要往前伸开些,同时两臂的肘关节也要向左右撑开,两边基本匀称。

足安:是指两只脚自然地平稳着地,两腿左右略微分开,其位置与肩宽基本相等,肌肉放松。

站姿

站着写毛笔字身子可略往前倾,头部正直稍微有些下俯,左手掌按住桌面上的纸,右手近于伸直,执笔的姿势也要随着站立而改变,手享下覆,手背与手臂几乎成一平面。两脚分开站稳,双足之间的距离与肩宽大致相等。书写时用手腕、手臂的运动来完成;如果写特别大的字,甚至要用腰部的运动来书写,两脚可再分开些,使书写动作可大一些。执笔方法也应随之而变化。

工具

选笔

毛笔

不同阶段,不同水平,学习不同的书体,练习大小不同的字,对应的毛笔也是不同的。

推荐实体店购买,而非网店购买。网店上的东西看不清摸不着,仅能通过几张图片来判断,这种判断方法很难看的真切,因此很多人发现上了当。而在实体店可以好好观察,也可以根据不同的价格的毛笔进行一个对比,从而择优购买,有问题也能在现场发现。

用笔最好还是选择品牌笔,价格虽是稍高点,但质量比较可靠,包括用料和工艺。

范本

平时多看名帖、看书法展、看名家挥毫。从好作品中汲取养分。推荐的以下范本。

书写原则

1、线条坚而浑——激情原自线条的熟练。线是力和势的组合,行笔要沉着痛快,做到稳健、轻便,重笔势(即趋向),根据字形大小排字的走向,线条斜势,整体纵向走势。

2、结体奇而稳——注意重心。欹侧、擒纵、疏密、高低。

3、章法变而贯——竹节式(几个字一节)节数间有空隙;贯珠式(中心线);蛇行式(左右摆动);疏影式(疏疏朗朗)。

布局要点

1、一字不能成行。

2、字与字之间有呼应,上承下启,左映右带,行距和字距不能相等。书眼放中央,可大些,字与周边气贯。

3、整体上展出适合墨迹浓重的作品。挂家中适合疏淡的作品。

4、作品中不能有错别字,异体字不过于冷僻。

5、作品整体布局上面重下面轻。

6、评作品好坏主要看总体视觉效果:节奏、墨色、用笔。

7、三三两两,似散还续,气脉一贯,此布局之妙也。

书写技巧

行楷的连带

笔画连带是行楷书的核心,唯有连带,方能提高书写速度。除了一般上下笔划之间的连带之外,还有一些特殊的连带。

1、改变笔顺。如分、交、布、必、巨、王等字,笔顺改变后,连带顺畅,书写便利。

2、笔画合并。如页、吊、此、高、非等字,笔画合并后,两笔并作一笔,使得上下连贯。  3、笔画省略。如即、动、蜂、龄、它等字的点、小竖、短撇等次要笔画,为了不妨碍连笔,就省略掉了,虽然省略了,但是仍易于辨认。

4、笔画替代。如风、喜、基、具、常、王、能、可等字,这写字大都采取了描摹轮廓的方式来写,用象形笔法勾勒出来,由于约定俗成,已被大家所接受。

要练好行楷,关键要仔细观察字的行笔路线,注意上下衔接,突出主要笔画,减少对笔画的修饰,尽量一气呵成,使字浑然一体。由于书写点画简略,随意自然,行楷给人们以轻松愉快的感觉。

书写特点

行楷的书写特点是连、变、省,其笔画比正楷字的笔画自由,用笔方法也有许多变化。下面我们逐一介绍行楷的基本笔画。

行楷的点画

行楷画卷头尖、腹平、背圆、尾满,前后顾盼。点画都与字的中心呼应。下面是行楷字点画的主要写法:

行楷的横画

行楷字横画多数带钩,与前后笔画呼应或者连接,有长短、精细、俯仰等变化,如果数横并列,要有长短参差,笔势也要有区别。横画在字中往往起平衡作用,因此书写时要注意长短、角度和曲弧。

行楷的竖画

行楷字写竖画不宜太直硬,要适当取斜势或弯曲,收笔有悬针,有垂露,有带钩,有弯弧,但必须把力用到笔端,切忌软散。字中的长竖作适当夸张。

行楷的撇画

行楷字的撇有多种姿态,要注意长短、曲直的变化,书写时常常回锋,做到伸缩有度,与捺相配时要有变化,不能呆板。

行楷的捺画

捺多用在字的右部或者右下角的末笔,有时写成反捺或长点出锋,但要注意带曲,回锋的方向要有变化。

行楷的提画

提又称挑,常在左右结构字左旁的末笔,与右半边联系。写提笔要快而有劲

行楷的折画

行楷字的折画有圆有方,圆转多于方折,圆度要润,方折要顿。

行楷的钩画

行楷字的钩画多变并适度夸张。有些字本来没有钩,可以加钩起连带作用,但要生动求变,饱满有劲,切忌软弱、尖细。

书写关键

八面出锋

借助于八面出锋,自然显出墨色浓淡,湿中有干,干中有湿,浓中有淡,淡中有浓,变化千万,使作品富有节奏感。

刚柔相济

刚力—铁划银钩(粗):柔力—行云流水(细)。

惜墨如金

要求蘸一次墨写一个字,甚至数字。

豁然开朗

留白处有宽有窄,宽处给人以忽然开朗之感。艺术是制造矛盾,到解决矛盾的过程。

中侧并用

中锋得法立骨,侧锋得势求变。中锋是理性的要求,是书法审美的核心所在;侧锋是情性的化身,是书法通神的手段。

深思熟虑

创作前要深思熟虑,反复推敲,做到“胸有成竹”。

一气呵成

书法是感情的流露,不是技巧的表现,要在身体与心情皆好的状态下写字。书写时随意挥洒,一气呵成。

错落有致

一般情况下,作品的行距要宽,字距要紧。字忌并列,要错开。节数间有空隙,排列组合要有节奏,大小字参差,突出中间书眼。

笔情墨趣

书法是无声的音乐,无形的舞蹈。求变化中有呼应,使整体和谐,有强烈的节奏和视觉冲击力。用好拙笔,用笔略慢,动中有静,写出墨趣。

重视贯气

书法的气,是指点划与不同字之间的呼应,字与字之间的趋向。

书写方法

读帖

要练眼,即认真读帖。读帖是基础,要仔细观察字在方格中的高低位置、笔画的连贯映带、疏密和长短等,眼高是手高的前提,对字形要善于观察、分析和比较,大致相同的字合成一类,举一反三,达到事半功倍的效果。

练脑

要练脑或说练心。在细心观察的基础上,要把示范字牢牢地记在心里,只有把字形象记英语单词、背数学公式那样烂熟于心,深深地刻在大脑里,才能熟练运用。无论何时,一旦提到这个字,马上就能想出这个字在字帖上的形状,做到胸有成帖,脑有成字。

练手

练眼和练脑是为了搞清字该怎样写,心中能想出字的最好效果,手下却不一定能写出来,因为脑不一定能指挥得了手,手不一定能指挥得了笔。练手就是要达到心手一致、手笔一致的境界,所以练手也是至关重要的。练手主要是练指力、练腕力、练手感。

练结构

要写好行楷,结构的练习重于笔画的练习。字的结构是指字的笔画的长短比例及笔画间的穿插避让关系。要掌握汉字的结构,大家可以写写黑体字,通过这种字体把结构进行校正,然后加以变化,写其他的字体也就容易一些。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷又称“汉字行楷手写体字形”,是偏重于楷书书写笔法,比楷书行笔自由,又比行草规正的行书字体。是汉字在楷书基础上简约书写笔画、增强书写映带、表现书写意趣的实用性字体。行楷最大的优势在于实用性极强,书写速度快、易识易学。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIcYsIAc6q8UAHoupFfA6Jv"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYaukOIYUqu4uirDWImLVhI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行笔轻盈","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUAAg4qCUSo6KGuqFDmvpHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写楷书,运笔稳实、缓慢,笔画讲究工整、挺健。书写行楷,运笔轻松、便捷,线条追求流畅、明快。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCcIycGWM0kCICoARw4h31d"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行笔轻盈","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/07aa7d0ff2be4e8585dc8f7287a33c88","width":366},"text":"","id":"doxcn6eaIKe6qku4eQygEUM7n3y"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"点画灵动","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC4Kq6GGeMC4MyScd0OabDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写楷书,笔画造型完整,点画之间呼应关系含蓄。书写行楷,点画活泼,连带显露,点、钩、挑等动感笔画明显增多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2EEM4UIOggMSo7KjntZCAh"},,"attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"点画灵动","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/37d3a92a963c4e908f3f31e1a7a3a649","width":372},"text":"","id":"doxcnqC8oAwiiumKUstBwpBAjpc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"字形多变","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC82UOSaoAq8GG4UbvbUo1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的字形平正端庄,通篇整齐均匀,相映如一。行楷字的字形变化多姿,通篇大小相间,正敧相错,同一个字可以有多种写法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2iekUmMgo6SoiiSs7V6a1b"},,"attrs":{"height":436,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"字形多变","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b53a66166e1243ab8eea03c77eef8915","width":431},"text":"","id":"doxcnAYAgCE6gSM4g1SmRmWs7Qz"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行楷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oSKw6Oa06U2gVS19IetNg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn08qmQYAGsSkyOI8DWpi9Nc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnciMciCmG8IcCEjBHGJk0Qh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐的坐姿:头正、肩平、臂开、足安;眼离纸一尺高,手离笔尖一寸长,胸离桌子拳头,推荐坐姿如下图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKokEyOQEISoEwPbLbaS4id"},,"attrs":{"height":269,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2518cd45688c4c88b6ad0dc26fa83e68","width":249},"text":"","id":"doxcnS4soUKQwKyCCofbdKxjsEh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQgsMwykeKq0umedSoMmVrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐的握姿:拇指、食指捏住笔,中指抵住笔杆底;余下两指紧相依,指离笔尖一寸余;五指配合齐用力,不松不紧最适宜,推荐握姿如下图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnssCokGGekg8G0UAgW0iUxh"},,"attrs":{"height":181,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f6ecdf5dcd674c09844ac3b09d317014","width":260},"text":"","id":"doxcnGYuiweyaGmqkWfgdUpbvhb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4IQSKyg8eYQ8esyWOtcVuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYoWqeCaqQiKKEbPWJleqze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、钢笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyaCk2M6ME8eGaSyV44e6Jc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位,较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。关于练习钢笔的选择,我们可以遵从以下原则:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsG6Ye4omiYEAOs7UZGKLvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS2asmUM8Oc0umYs2RnCLXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwcSUoiKOMOAwolSDNeSgqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔,尽量做到成本控制,贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYWSoWCMyIac2wXg8H0vTNc"},,"attrs":{"height":800,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/143c124cd04042ea8e2dd086dadce517","width":800},"text":"","id":"doxcnOimsEeYcU8IUycD6KwzYRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAIOqO4UKUsKiiWblbtqV0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点,是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中,日常生活中,大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8y80ucmkMEo6Yz690kipzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnguKWaAyGiU82m24DES6LJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)书写流度。笔触顺骨,笔画饱满,墨色均匀;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6OAiAKuiw0QKML7J6o8XXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)握笔舒适度。长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCMYeAmYkKcOUUrxYq3Fise"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)墨干燥速度。书写时不会被谱黑就行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmIu0Qi2uKKokktaSU61gZb"},,"attrs":{"height":292,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ee9abf52df3142ed8665577f90f381e6","width":387},"text":"","id":"doxcnOOQGKEUeqI8k6lAdfDViic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、其他笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkicWAAEOqkAOKA627mdwqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了钢笔和中性笔,其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多,最为常见的有铅笔,圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0ccAiu6KEUGc6M6v7YNFyg"},,"attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b9668d13228a408d98ce10dd0a8b874c","width":250},"text":"","id":"doxcnIegGkuSKW6c6wBzbOOPyRb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniEOyUqOQMmWQslzECcIJRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqWSUaMQmYO0kAf24i8PFTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"字帖大体可分为三类:(1)笔画结构详解类(2)集字类(3)语录文章类。初学者可以购入三类字帖分别一本,有一定基础者可以购入后两类字帖各一本,基础扎实者可购最后一类字帖。行楷定型试验于2019年6月10日启动,2019年10月24日初步定型,所用字帖为荆霄鹏的《实用行楷字帖》(图1)、《林徽因语录行楷》(图2)。《实用行楷字帖》属于集字类,《林徽因语录行楷》属于语录文章类。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSmkI4QYAAcE8kz0fC7TfKe"},,"attrs":{"height":317,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"字帖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/365b0cf1b3844a10a47844acbbdcef35","width":235},"text":"","id":"doxcnKOqYYIE8owM6GIVhk2ea3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"图1","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn42scOaQC6SGCE3OExmp20g"},,"attrs":{"height":320,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"字帖","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b702530ab255456e99171f65f0130fec","width":247},"text":"","id":"doxcnsumocemYQSk6yoqAhf6Adc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"图2","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnce6CcqocmQocA7Zw4FETee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngEOIQQM0OwgagFMW09R8td"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当代有大量优秀行楷字帖,比如吴玉生、田英章、钱沛云等人的行(楷)字帖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuo6u84MkgeoQS0nh3cTNhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"昊玉生的行楷字站:《怎样写好写快规范字》《公务员汉字书写5500字》、《古文观止》、《硬笔行书红楼梦诗词》等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUyY28seoq2m08jMdTLPxkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"田英章的行(楷)字帖:《钢笔行书实用技法字帖》、《漂亮字的快写技巧(行书)》、《现代汉语常用3500字(行书)》等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQSMqau4qCoMm2XxlNGJJyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钱沛云的行(楷)字帖:《钱沛云硬笔书法技巧》《钱市云教你写好硬笔行书》等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqy4Y2iKkqcOUMXXyjbwRkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于字站的选择需要根据自己的喜好,但是也要避雷。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0CS4AYcuOkW4qIygeJROZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择字帖三不选:不选折凹槽类字帖;不选手写体类字帖;不选大幅度描红类字帖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngE80Gokgqkao6zWC2vsfsd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ0gAgC4M6kaQ0owxeYyZoe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习纸种类繁多,常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等,练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础,初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等,随着阶段的变化,练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助,达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序,不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCqSommKokAMWXsjLxZ3xLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重点:从脱离米字格到白纸,练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习,不属于完全转换状态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4OAM2WWoY4YOyYiYNBddyc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另外,有以下几个点可以注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoAMw6gCwuOeeiSIj3962rg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题,建议换纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCey64Ue0CCyUGstIqsePWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)不要使用线格过小的纸,选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Mei0Mi22YGOgvnvvFwmqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)不要刻意追求“好”纸,硬笔行楷的练习对纸的要求较低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneCgECqqU08WuGr3c4sImyT"},,"attrs":{"height":1185,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bcd041337a694ecb8a11c3ce054340b9","width":790},"text":"","id":"doxcngMeGwYSmIwUUa0uTFIdCoh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练字内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyMuA00AusuW8AnUVouKs0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从欣赏一幅书法作品的角度,至少会从章法、结构、笔画(划)三方面进行解读,这三方面即是要练字的内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4uW6WqcQQUws0SXcSdnWrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"章法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu0IiMSkSoICs0ivuP8j0Ad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"章法是安排布置整幅作品中,字与字、行与行之间呼应、照顾等关系的方法,它着重于字与字之间、行与行之间的协调。章法包含着字形大小、字距远近、字态正奇、黑白分布、落款铃印等,利用这些手段可以使众多单字在特定的风格下形成一种和谐稳定美观又不失趣味的作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsusugEusaIo8MvXg33O1nd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkwY2Cok0I4kKa6vEwygEJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构是字内各笔画长短、粗细、疏密、布局等。汉字从结构上分有独体字与合体字两大类。从结构形式看,合体字分为七种,即上下结构、上中下结构、左右结构、左中右结构、半包围结构、全包围结构和品字形结构,巧妙地组织笔画让笔画布局合理,传达的视觉效果越好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnssuKaGa0MoAsuAwL2Ii3nh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画(划)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneeOGiAiIIeW0IKQDaEEH5I"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"永字反映出了“点、横、竖、撇、捺、提、折、钩”八个基本笔画。笔尖与纸面接触的痕迹,反映出笔画力度、角度、粗细、曲直等。笔画作为练字的起点,是最基础也是最核心的,务必加倍重视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniAmUuyA0CaaswvbgJ0S7Ch"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练字方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYKCygkWcIKGKUPHW5pSzxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹字帖是当下练字最有效的途径,但是部分人在临摹之前往往忽略了一个前提:读帖。将练字方法分解为三个部分:读帖、摹写、临写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0UMscWAuQkIe5yqi2MeT9"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"读帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGAAk82w28KUOIRlF1S8QLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"读帖需要分析字帖范字的笔画、结构、章法。读帖是一个发挥主观能动性的过程,初步练习时应更多的注重笔画的长短、粗细、徐疾、轻重,笔画之间的俯仰、向背、离合、呼应,字的大小、方圆、高矮、宽窄等等。仔细领会字帖的点画形质、间架结构、气韵神采,才能下笔准确。对同一字帖而言,应从其点画开始,观察其起笔、行笔、收笔如何完成以及同一类笔画之间的细小差别等,再到观察毎个字的间架结构、位置布局和章法,最后则是体味字站的气韵神采、风格特点,为准确地临写做好准备。对不同字帖而言,就比如不止选择的两本字帖,往往起到一个相辅相成的作用,为了解一个字体作好充分的准备。经过观察,不止使用的行楷字帖,不像古帖变化较多,容易学习,方便掌握。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6mgYAAAQOMywycRkaO2uCf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"摹写","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6gYSEGaCkcOkiUDVAvGzle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"市面上流通的大多数摹写字帖采用透明度较高的硫酸纸覆盖在字帖上,按照影子描写(或者猫红)。当你开始使用摹写时前也要详细的读帖,做到心中有数。摹写过程中,尽量与原帖的用笔一致,单字书写一气呵成,不可存在먹笔填笔等问题。摹写有利有弊,不止认为摹写存在降低主观能动性的嫌疑,故整个练字试验过程都没有使用摹写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncqAyo4S6CCSaYTmdDAzshe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临写","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6iM4OiYag0WcQD61VKxzDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临写根据要求的不同可分为对临、背临和意临。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnygOUcU2IMMCIs1Ye474JJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、对临","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni62qGqSGoUMUYNDoHeenTw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可将字帖置于视角左侧或前端,便于准确观察。随着练字形式的多样化,对临时关于字帖的摆放只要适用于自己即可,可通过裁剪字帖放大观察范围,不必拘泥形式。基于读帖,写完后再将自己写的与字帖仔细对照分析,找到不足做出标记,再次临写,循环练习直到与字帖的字高度相以。临写时不可看一笔写一笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncyUQQaEEiUwKsF3SWiJp0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、背临","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA2S06sa2kckwDN9brm2NLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在读帖,摹写,对临这些过程中,应当有所思索、有所比较、有所记忆,将字帖熟记于心,合帖临写,通过背临这种方式来检验自己是否熟练,这种方式就好比背语文课文,作为一种检查手段的同时,也是在巩固字体的练习,以形成记忆模式,达到一种出笔即像的境界。有部分练习者对照字帖能写得很好,一旦离开字站,不管是字形还是结构都降了层次,这就是因为没有使用好背临这一招。学习一个字体最后目的就是要将帖上字化为已用,想要到达这一目的,背临是必经的过程。背临还有两种形式:空背临和心背临。由于这两种方式不存在使用工具、时间、环境等的要求,完全可以利用碎片时间进行练习与巩固。空背临可用手指、木棍等工具在空中、地上或身上,通过记忆比照字帖写。心背临即在心里描摹字帖,在脑中再现每一笔每一画,这种方式适合睡觉前时用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMcQ2kOYemq2qmcI1ebeInc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、意临","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAKoeUoysIM2gE9Ezj6O0Yb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在临写时注入了自己的主观意识,意临是由临摹过渡到创作的必经之路。诸多初学者存在一个问题:练字时喜欢掺杂自己的意识,这是一种正常的现象,但是也是要趁早正视解决的问题,到达意临这个阶段才开始融入主观思维,切不可过早掺入。意临可从为两种,第一种是在原帖字体风格的基础上,使用自己的笔法或结体特征来表现;第二种是在自己字体风格的基础上,使用原站的笔法和结体特征来适应自己的“意”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGYuu2QQuummUchftaOlYJf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSEKqU8MukMwuYLyVM9eJ0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三种练字方法的合理利用才能在练字过程取得一个不错的效率,需要我们注意如下几点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM4ci6OkEmCu4Mv7B1q8ayg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、多临少摹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4UsGEYE2qa4kSq81ldYrEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不止在为期四个多月的练习期间不采用摹写是因为降低了主观能动性。将摹写与临写进行有机结合,以临写为主、摹写为辅的方式取长补短,未必不是一种好的方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8kGcQuiKocsIHa0TtdvKh9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、循序渐进","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIA0wMeKukUIs7pBA3jNXG7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般而言,从摹写到临写,各项练习方法应当有效穿插,相互作为辅助关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2weMMgcMgICQgHri9JdLFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、先专后博","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnosUWSoIk4MEIiqC3FlueHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如不止选择的两本字帖,先《实用行楷字帖》,后《林数因语录行楷》,两本字帖虽然都是荆香鹏的字,但有差别。先打好基础,解决好笔画结构,再进入长篇幅的练习。同时也可以找书家其他字帖,进行广泛吸收。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWW4cQko8gm8SWEZ20ELjhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、点面结合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqy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}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4iqiYKKmE0moI7XxDzVdXq"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"布局要点","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e5dcacce4cad4010ad94c4bf926d1548","width":360},"text":"","id":"doxcns2q6MuQS2OYkUFUYR1XDYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAKwy8akk2GOlNevr7eyNe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的连带","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG0o6uA0YYe8CuWrldoHTie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画连带是行楷书的核心,唯有连带,方能提高书写速度。除了一般上下笔划之间的连带之外,还有一些特殊的连带。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno8SYyoAsoSocOZIZBKiU7L"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、改变笔顺。如分、交、布、必、巨、王等字,笔顺改变后,连带顺畅,书写便利。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncsCykwUwgQyCkXIu4UVJFc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、笔画合并。如页、吊、此、高、非等字,笔画合并后,两笔并作一笔,使得上下连贯。  3、笔画省略。如即、动、蜂、龄、它等字的点、小竖、短撇等次要笔画,为了不妨碍连笔,就省略掉了,虽然省略了,但是仍易于辨认。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOYy6OeoucYkqYfm5oVPIeg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、笔画替代。如风、喜、基、具、常、王、能、可等字,这写字大都采取了描摹轮廓的方式来写,用象形笔法勾勒出来,由于约定俗成,已被大家所接受。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniYscSugg4ga4kJKzB7wtCb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要练好行楷,关键要仔细观察字的行笔路线,注意上下衔接,突出主要笔画,减少对笔画的修饰,尽量一气呵成,使字浑然一体。由于书写点画简略,随意自然,行楷给人们以轻松愉快的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGCQCeMou2CkAyyiNa3Bstg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE4o0MYkUE0UmWeKpQb4cxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的书写特点是连、变、省,其笔画比正楷字的笔画自由,用笔方法也有许多变化。下面我们逐一介绍行楷的基本笔画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng2aqCSqMucQ6GriKynPoIc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的点画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA0C64w46QSqsstlt7yH0yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷画卷头尖、腹平、背圆、尾满,前后顾盼。点画都与字的中心呼应。下面是行楷字点画的主要写法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGIEQKUwOsoeM8sP960iQHb"},,"attrs":{"height":571,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的点画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c7cd854fd45e4de899fe8863de596e9b","width":450},"text":"","id":"doxcncYgsUyM4sSS66mhva0NHhB"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的横画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKYyC4eEYoIkKPxkgIr9ixK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷字横画多数带钩,与前后笔画呼应或者连接,有长短、精细、俯仰等变化,如果数横并列,要有长短参差,笔势也要有区别。横画在字中往往起平衡作用,因此书写时要注意长短、角度和曲弧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngaCsoG2GAoQwukjtCX0n69"},,"attrs":{"height":355,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的横画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f5deb7f3e889460583b771ccb2bd1748","width":537},"text":"","id":"doxcn8UuYcU88As6k4KiNBFM5Pc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的竖画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUQ8Kmyc4S0G0qOuxQZlEme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷字写竖画不宜太直硬,要适当取斜势或弯曲,收笔有悬针,有垂露,有带钩,有弯弧,但必须把力用到笔端,切忌软散。字中的长竖作适当夸张。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIsACQSQmYUmE8jtVztVsRf"},,"attrs":{"height":592,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的竖画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4ebe6c6e082e402290371396cd7a13d5","width":590},"text":"","id":"doxcnuE8UyyK64ME6moE7zHbUlf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的撇画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyCeWYWmogs4Kqgp8hCMKvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷字的撇有多种姿态,要注意长短、曲直的变化,书写时常常回锋,做到伸缩有度,与捺相配时要有变化,不能呆板。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI6SMqOyMs8SMGqegxzJXld"},,"attrs":{"height":545,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的撇画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/44e54987821142888f501960daa7e3b5","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnwKQKEG66I4qI0Ia4oXvH3c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的捺画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmcaosE8KQAIwmEE9pflz0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"捺多用在字的右部或者右下角的末笔,有时写成反捺或长点出锋,但要注意带曲,回锋的方向要有变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqQMqOIEkuOiUeKfhqJ8rVT"},,"attrs":{"height":659,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的捺画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/631e14ee1c724642961a834cbfc47eba","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnUOe46mkCgIoICQmdDa8Rrc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的提画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2CUkIkSq6YUaYdnIpKqHwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"提又称挑,常在左右结构字左旁的末笔,与右半边联系。写提笔要快而有劲 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4MK8QuaAOYm40WLzS0TJie"},,"attrs":{"height":439,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的提画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ba0891e62d549ff937195b34bf9e80f","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcncCkuYouk6ssmsT06ZDxoSc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的折画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno8eOy0ks4EQqIljp7jUr0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷字的折画有圆有方,圆转多于方折,圆度要润,方折要顿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGmy4CU0MgcoSUVQHAqYB2g"},,"attrs":{"height":423,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的折画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8711dc90e7e642dd95cf0e67a20bae36","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnWY2wyEWWQkKQMztqVyBQch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的钩画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMwMi8eu2s8S06UT3SKzm9F"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷字的钩画多变并适度夸张。有些字本来没有钩,可以加钩起连带作用,但要生动求变,饱满有劲,切忌软弱、尖细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwswImyS0Oae46NA7C35mlb"},,"attrs":{"height":779,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"行楷的折画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/776ce9e7ba5b460383868d7eb282e824","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnG4Wy24uac42aYRHOKhrDEf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写关键","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6o86MmeMUcmkkHLBcIqxCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"八面出锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngoI2owY4EG8qINNFHuTY6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"借助于八面出锋,自然显出墨色浓淡,湿中有干,干中有湿,浓中有淡,淡中有浓,变化千万,使作品富有节奏感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMi6CSowM8wIuYzm00qxlDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刚柔相济","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCKG0SSqAMiiUG2RJNSagMo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刚力—","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"铁划银钩(粗):柔力—","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"行云流水(细)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS0AyiWK04co8UJir8F7Tkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"惜墨如金","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU22cm6iiwWIUgtSXfFRqed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求蘸一次墨写一个字,甚至数字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSwgo86II24yiOONHJDHNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"豁然开朗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmygKyu8gAiQ6OplD7osqVp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留白处有宽有窄,宽处给人以忽然开朗之感。艺术是制造矛盾,到解决矛盾的过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQG04OK2ke0U0gN2BO9SEhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中侧并用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEsOk8Kq6uaoieE67PtMfad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋得法立骨,侧锋得势求变。中锋是理性的要求,是书法审美的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"核心所在;","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"侧锋是情性的化身,是书法通神的手段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGYscu8skYuWMnl6PLQWXcM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"深思熟虑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQI8EcImyUakEyabawOXpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作前要深思熟虑,反复推敲,做到“胸有成竹”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ4mKQIMo68siohfwOjuh5a"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一气呵成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmGoe46o6aOGYrkbQGiTJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书法是感情的流露,不是技巧的表现,要在身体与心情皆好的状态下写字。书写时随意挥洒,一气呵成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA4SeYSQgyyEc2B0GHS46Le"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"错落有致","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0yIwmIsgGwYGEvjjQ0Bxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般情况下,作品的行距要宽,字距要紧。字忌并列,要错开。节数间有空隙,排列组合要有节奏,大小字参差,突出中间书眼。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIgs6IawSuwA8e6o12XYVkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔情墨趣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOoi2iO4OCGWGwHrtxBjXhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书法是无声的音乐,无形的舞蹈。求变化中有呼应,使整体和谐,有强烈的节奏和视觉冲击力。用好拙笔,用笔略慢,动中有静,写出墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaAGSyYusYGaA0YK4jiARyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重视贯气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngUwWOeuwYI0wOoZ4Dee31c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"书法的气,是指点划与不同字之间的呼应,字与字之间的趋向。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaAAmUk0uIGQYmKljTaPVSd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwm44O4Q6GY8CuarhxCvxeg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"读帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMKmOesQEoQmUUPRMutQo4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要练眼,即认真读帖。读帖是基础,要仔细观察字在方格中的高低位置、笔画的连贯映带、疏密和长短等,眼高是手高的前提,对字形要善于观察、分析和比较,大致相同的字合成一类,举一反三,达到事半功倍的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmUisQUE2w4M8VEjN2dz4D6"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练脑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYyqqQ0SUumUUuinEBUVCsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要练脑或说练心。在细心观察的基础上,要把示范字牢牢地记在心里,只有把字形象记英语单词、背数学公式那样烂熟于心,深深地刻在大脑里,才能熟练运用。无论何时,一旦提到这个字,马上就能想出这个字在字帖上的形状,做到胸有成帖,脑有成字。","id":""}],"tex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bcd-467wghtdedb9

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性,给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升,所作的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。

工具

首先要熟悉工具,选择一套合适的工具来作画。

国画使用的笔统称为毛笔,根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。

软毫笔以羊毫为多,鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别,各有不同的表现力。

硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利,易于掌握和使用,其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。

兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成,此笔软硬适中,适于勾线,也适于渲染用。

画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔(1-2根)、大中小号白云羊毫笔(约3根)。

画写意,准备硬毫笔(长锋短锋各备一支),如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等,兼毫备一支即可。

提示

笔一开始不要买太多,常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置,书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。

笔架

笔架就是架笔之物,是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔,以免毛笔污损他物。

调色盘

调色盘就是调和颜料的容器,是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形,呈梅花状,但也有方形或其他不规则形状,质地以陶瓷类较多,而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉,通常为初学者或业余人士使用。

墨汁

中国传统绘画尤重用墨,笔以达气,墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵,求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化,可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。

以墨代色,力求单纯、明快、概括,是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化,表现各种色彩感觉,富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束,代之以感情的意匠色彩。

推荐墨汁

墨有很多种,市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁,北京一得阁的云头艳,红星墨液,北京墨汁,中华墨汁,曹素功墨汁,珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。

1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种:一种是红星玄宗,一种是进口玄宗,其特点是浓墨显得很厚重,淡墨显得很润泽,不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。

2、北京一得阁墨汁,百年老字号,价格低廉,性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳,其特点为,墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强,层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点,美中不足的便是胶性比较大,易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。

3、红星墨汁,安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种,一种是红星墨液,另一种是玄宗墨液(国产),玄宗墨液(国产)跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度,玄宗墨液(国产)的黑度优于红星墨液,淡墨的层次,表现效果差,笔锋交叉处,呈现糊状。

4、雄狮墨汁,台湾品牌,代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁,黑度强劲,层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利,合成树脂胶(零下20℃凝结),四季适宜书画,宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用,是票友和专业人士的首选。

5、曹素功墨汁,国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。

颜料

矿物颜料

矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外,多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质,虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。

植物颜料

植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好,透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外,大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确,忌反复修改的原因。

化学颜料

化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。

特点及用途

赭石:矿物类,但其质较轻清,半透明,可单独使用,也可调和其他颜料后使用,是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中,常作为山石、树干主色,也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中,常与墨(调和后成为赭墨)或与其他色料调和,或混合使用,多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中,常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄,用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿,用于秋天石坡、土径。

朱膘:矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。

朱砂:矿物类,为天然汞化物,近代也有人工合成的朱砂,遮盖力强,一般是单独使用,且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花,亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上,所有矿物颜料,除胭脂外,一般都不宜与植物色相调和。

石青:矿物类,遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石,是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中,将石料研磨澄汰后,按其质地轻重,又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青,多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙,染山石时,一般要分几次逐步上足色彩,待第一遍干后再着第二遍,忌在未干时反复涂抹。

石绿:矿物类,遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重,颜色较深,山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿(如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿)结合使用,此时需用套色法(或用草绿打底,待干后罩石绿;或先用石绿平涂,待干后再染草绿)。

石黄:矿物类,在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。

金粉:矿物类,除一般进口金粉外,还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金,系用金箔研成,前者色正偏暖,后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画,一般在勾线时方使用。

银粉:矿物类,用途与金粉类同。

白粉:矿物类或人工合成,有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等,铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用,但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。

花青:植物类或人工合成,半透明,可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和,用途极为广泛,画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和,依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨,其色为墨绿(螺青)。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。

藤黄:植物类,是藤本植物的树脂所制,有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中,既可单独使用,又可与其他许多颜料或墨(可调成橄榄绿)调和使用,用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色,与赭石调和可成檀色。

洋红:又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成,半透明,在花鸟画中,多单独或调和后,用于画花、红叶、蔬果,用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等,在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。

胭脂:植物类,为胭脂花制品,半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶,在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞,也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中,可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色,调入赭则成赭色胭脂。

大红:与曙红色彩相近,略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。

颜色调配方法

颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用,若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透,因此作画时对程序要心中有数,以使笔触衔接自然,达到预想效果。

1、草绿:约70%花青+30%藤黄调配而成,画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。

2、汁绿:约80%藤黄+15%花青+5%朱磦调和成的嫩绿色,常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。

3、老绿:草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂,常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩,薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。

4、檀香色:约70%藤黄+20%朱磦+10%三绿调配而成,加大量水以后常用来刷背景,也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。

5、米黄:约70%藤黄+30%赭石,主要用来刷背景,在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。

6、三绿:石绿+白色而得,白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。

7、老赭:朱磦+墨调和而成,接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。

8、胭脂水:胭脂色+大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条,曙红水、花青水等说法同理

9、豆绿色(三绿+藤黄+少许酞青蓝)

10、墨红色(曙红+稍许墨)

11、赭绿色(赭石+草绿)。

12、古铜色(朱磦+墨+少许藤黄+少许曙红)

13、汁绿色(草绿+藤黄+少许朱磦)

14、灰绿色(三绿+少许墨)

15、芽绿色(汁绿+藤黄)

16、米黄色(藤黄+朱磦+少许墨)

17、桔黄色(藤黄+朱磦)

18、墨青色(花青+墨)

19、藏青蓝(酞青蓝+墨+少许石青)

20、绛红色(胭脂+朱磦+少许墨)

21、紫色(曙红+少许酞青蓝)

22、墨绿色(草绿+少许墨)

23、老绿色(草绿+少许胭脂)

24、翠绿色(酞青蓝+藤黄+少许翡翠绿)

25、褐色(赭石+墨)

26、檀香色(藤黄+朱磦+少许三绿)

27、蓝灰色(花青+白粉+少许三青)

28、豆沙色(胭脂+朱磦+少许花青)

29、土红色(朱磦+少许胭脂)

30、青绿色(草绿+少许酞青蓝)

31、四绿色(三绿+白色)

32、胭脂水(胭脂+大量水)

33、青灰色(花青+少许墨+白色)

34、蓝色(酞青蓝+三青)

35、朱红色(朱磦+曙红)

36、紫青色(胭脂+少许酞青蓝)

推荐颜料

目前,书画店中所售的国画颜料,从包装方式上也有两种:一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片,质量较好,且加过胶,只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料,挤出来即可使用,但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画,多使用后一种。

初学者选择马利、樱花牌(樱花无沉淀更细腻)都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀,蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌,另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料,又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。(比如姜思序堂)

宣纸

写意画选生宣,工笔画选熟宣,生宣纸又分棉皮,净皮,特皮,檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮,适合大写意,洇墨厉害,多画于山水画,更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮,适应画花鸟画,墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。

画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣,孰宣之分,不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感,意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣,适应画小写意,浓淡相宜,墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画,宣纸画山水画,卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。

用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色,而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边,所以形要准,着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此,不适应反复上色,深浅掌握好,两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画,花鸟画,山水画画个一遍,熟练生巧后换卡纸画。

推荐用纸

与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸,这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强,物理性能稳定。

徽州的宣纸最好,品牌有很多,名牌的初学者不适用,一般的就可以。除了红星,双鹿,汪同王的宣纸很好用,墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画,不用裱画,直接装框就好。

在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重,好纸不一定白,太白说明增白剂太多,不利久藏;好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼,反光柔和,纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。

生宣纸

熟宣纸

镇纸

作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西,常见的多为长方条形,因故也称作镇尺、压尺。

镇纸的材质多种多样,以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多,上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案,也有动物和人物的立体形象。

推荐镇纸

现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸,可以根据自己的需求购买。

1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸

2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸

3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸

4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸

5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸

手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选,一个是葫芦蟋蟀,还有是墨趣。

6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸

7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸

笔洗

笔洗是一种传统工艺品,属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具,是用来盛水洗笔的器皿,以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐,传世的笔洗中,有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地,包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等,基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中,最常见的是瓷笔洗。

笔洗的作用是可以润笔,在绘画中,许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。

初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。

毛毡

制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤,因材料和工艺的差别,而产出各式各样的书画毡。

用它衬在宣纸下面,防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸,弄得画面上一塌糊涂;衬了毛毡,因为毛毡不吸水,就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售,大小不一,根据自己的画幅大小选购。

初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多,市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的,也有50厘米×70厘米的。

购买之前,务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小,一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米,小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度,以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说,质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚,有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡,对于国画初学者来说就够了。

如果要画大幅的作品,那就需要买大的厚的毛毡,更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强,显然也更合适。

砚台

砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的,初学者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有更好的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。

其他

纸胶带/水胶带:绷宣纸用的;

喷壶:绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用;

底纹笔/底纹刷:用来刷底色的大刷子,羊毫做的,要很软才行;

美工钉、盘子(调色用)。

国画技法

国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面,其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法)。

构思——又叫立意,即作画之前的形象思维过程。

构图——即六法中的“经营位置”,又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。

用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”,有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染,笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。

用墨——经历代画家发展有:焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色,运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨(即浓淡相生)等具体技法。

设色——白描:不设色,全用线条表现,或仅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩:一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩:以墨色为主调,敷以淡彩色。没骨:纯用色彩画,并不勾线。(纯用墨点染,不沟勒的亦叫没骨。)

收拾——画成以后再作整体收拾,使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。

笔墨

中国画表现形象的基本手段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中,已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。

笔墨表现形式

有白描、工笔、写其细部,整个画面纯用墨色,有的再加淡墨渲染。

白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部,整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。

白描从线条的粗细可分三类:较粗的线条叫琴弦,较细的线条叫铁线,极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品,钉头鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描,都突“写”字,使每一条线具有书法气韵。

工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔,工即工整工细之意,敷色也层也渲染,显得浑厚浓重。

工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的,根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀,贯穿着整个事物形体的始终,表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此,线条成为画面的统领者,其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。

写意——只写物象的大意,用笔简练流畅,笔墨自然,不用色的写意画,又称“水墨画”。

勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线,中间用墨或用色平涂。

粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗,比写意要工。

粗中有细——如花草画得粗,但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。

没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。

泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展,用大块墨色,再运用自然形成的浓淡,加上较细的笔道,有的地方还露出飞白,这样才见精神。

界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画,主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物,如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等,以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。

设色

设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情,画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青(可分头青、二青、三青等三种)、石绿(也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种),白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种,即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合,可以调出许多种颜色来。

墨彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线,完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳,因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多,因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感,但亦不能淡而失神,要使浓淡相宜,才具有清新神韵的效果。

淡彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分,然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色,既能融合一体,又能显示墨的韵味,才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。

粉彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主,以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨,而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并,则容易显得枯僵,缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚,但也不能太淡薄,过淡则无神,要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然,不露粉痕,不显料气,干净滋润,才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。

重彩

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法,并以服务态度和物质色为主,因用色比较厚重,所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚,厚中生津,染不露痕,深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对,用笔不轻顺,用色过厚或厚薄不匀。 

线描

中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色,有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染,具有独特的表现形式和造型规律,并富有韵味。用线的变化,要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重,由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久,通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造,积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验,仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。

用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性,可以完美地刻划各种现象,表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。

白描

中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的,也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的,例如花用淡墨勾,叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好,然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的,是加重质感和浓淡的变化,使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然,更防止受原线路的约束,否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现,从某咱意义上说来,它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯,对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排,层次要分明,在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性,防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。

刘公华白描仕女图

皴法

国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法,是以线条勾勒轮廓,然后敷色。随着绘画的发展,为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和(凸凹),因地质的结构不同,表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。

石涛深山秋水图

皴法的种类

一般有(1)披麻皴、(2)乱麻皴、(3)芝麻皴、(4)大斧劈、(5)小斧劈皴、(6)卷云皴、(7)雨点皴(雨雪皴)、(8)弹涡皴、(9)荷叶皴、(10)矾头皴、(11)骷髅皴、(12)鬼皮皴、(13)解索皴、(14)、乱柴皴、(15)牛毛皴、(16)马牙皴、(17)斫皴、(18)点错皴;(19)豆瓣皴、(20)刺梨皴(豆瓣皴之变)、(21)破网皴、(22)折带皴、(23)泥里拨钉皴、(24)拖泥带水皴、(25)金碧皴、(26)没骨皴、(27)直擦皴、(28)横擦皴等。

墨法

古人说“墨即是色”,浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿,只干不湿太瘠枯,只湿不干太臃肿,浓淡干湿结合起来,变化多,生动而有气韵。

用墨之法

一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨,用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑,否则焦墨孤立,难见笔意。

积墨:用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次,有一种深厚的味道。

破墨:先用淡墨上纸,趁湿用湿墨加上,化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转,略似鱼鳞,由浓渐淡,参差不齐,谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。

用笔六要

一要自然有力,切忌呆滞。

二要变化而有联系,要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用,既有变化,还要互相联系。

三要苍老而滋润,苍老就显出含蓄的笔力,用笔光滑就显得雅嫩,过于苍老亦易枯燥,故须在苍老中滋润,也就是干湿并用。

四要松灵而凝炼,松灵比自然更进一步,要活泼轻松有生趣,切忌油滑、轻浮,轻松之中要有重厚,凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。

五要刚柔相济,即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚,刚健的锋中要参以巧运,“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。

六要巧拙互用,用笔朴质显得老实,故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙,在拙笔中夹几笔巧,应巧拙互用,方为得法。

国画笔法

讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。

国画的笔法有六种,分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。

中锋

中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。

侧锋

侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。

逆锋

逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大,笔锋聚散,松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬,力透纸背,但缺少柔劲。不可常用,适可而止。

露锋

于藏锋的运笔刚好相反,它以笔尖着纸,故意露出笔锋,收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。

藏锋

笔锋要藏而不露,画出的线条才沉着含蓄,力透纸背。

顺锋

运笔与逆锋相反,采用拖笔运行,画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。

扩展资料

所谓笔法,写字作画用笔的方法,即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现,所用工具都是尖锋毛笔,要使书画的线条点画富有变化,必先讲究执笔,在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法,称为“笔法”。

国画有着自己明显的特征,讲究“气韵生动”,不拘泥于物体外表的肖似,而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”,追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。

讲究笔墨神韵,笔法要求:平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色,焦、浓、重、淡、清。

讲究“骨法用笔”,不讲究焦点透视,不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。

讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。

国画分科

国画总分为工笔和写意两种,大致又分工笔花鸟,工笔山水,工笔人物,写意花鸟,写意山水,写意人物等。写意用生宣,工笔用熟宣,也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。

国画的细分科按形式分,工笔,写意;工笔讲究“工”,用笔细致,需要细细勾勒反复渲染的;写意讲“意”,用笔洒脱,以形写神,一笔到位。按题材分,人物、花鸟、山水。

工笔

工笔画步骤

起稿

可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿,或直接拷贝临本,用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上,铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上,特别是用绢画时,这样可以避免画稿变形,铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。

也可以去买个拷贝台,把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上,再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝,这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了!

绷稿

要求:先在画板上裱贴一张白纸,待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个:如何绷娟

所需材料:图钉、浆糊、水。

1、首先,把框子装好,然后把绢放在框子上摆好。

2、然后,在绢的一头按上图钉,另一边喷水,慢慢展开。

3、喷湿后慢慢调整,差不多了可以涂浆糊,继续调整。不要特别紧,因为绢干了也会收缩,另外绢本身有织的纹路,拉扯变形了就不好了。

4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊,折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。

5、等干了就可以上色了,看看效果。

注意事项:

1、草稿:使用铅笔打草稿,纸张不要求。

2、过稿:将草稿放置在拷贝台上,上面覆一层熟宣,使用勾线笔(花枝俏、小叶筋等均可)将画稿勾在宣纸上,这样的作品称为白描。

3、渲:在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗,方法是:使用两支较大的笔(一般为大白云)一支蘸墨,一支蘸水,先点墨,在墨没干之前用水渲开,造成一个自然的过渡。

4、染:方法和渲的步骤差不多,不过使用的是国画颜料,这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实,一般要进行多次,有“三矾九染”之说。

勾线

勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋,工笔人物画中以中锋为主。

中锋:中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整,并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化,适当时加入清水调试。

侧锋:侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。

勾线用笔的起止很重要,每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”,这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。

着染

传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法,分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法,以体现山脉特有的肌理。

分染:是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时,准备一支笔蘸色,一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色,它的优点是色彩厚重饱和,层次变化丰富,表现力强。

罩染:绘画,在着色时,先铺底,后罩色,这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色,颜色应厚重一些,可以层层复加。由深到淡,要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色,颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点,目的是使二者相得益彰,产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染,可罩染花青和赭石等。

背染:在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重,丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法,植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的,要想画的细腻,这些动作可能要重复很多遍。

复勾

有些地方染完颜色后,之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了,需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡,颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气,线条尽量保持流畅,毕竟是附在最上面的。

刷胶矾水

为了防止熟绢跑矾,在设色之前,要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸,称作生绢、生宣,是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸,其性能发生了改变,称之为熟绢、熟宣,适合画工笔画。

1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。

胶:黄明胶,又名广胶,颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟,去掉浮灰,加入热水搅拌,胶粒全部溶解后即可,但不能用开水,开水会使粘度降低。

矾:又称明矾,主要产自安徽庐江,头天用凉水浸泡,第二天用。

2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当,矾大胶小,染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔,墨、色易脱落等问题。

3、刷胶矾水,刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天,温度过低胶矾会很快凝固,不易刷匀。

装裱

古语有云:“三分字画,七分裱”,精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护,同时也能起到烘托字画,突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后,再用绞、绢、纸等镶边,然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的,但其成品按形制可分为挂轴,手卷,册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途,都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。

第一步:观察字画

揣摩原作的气度,以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。

第二步:托裱画心

1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上,用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花;

2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时,用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆;

3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷,一手持略大于画心的托纸,对齐一边,用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸,逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面;

4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊;

5、待画心略干后,轻轻揭起,转贴至挣墙晾干。

第三步:镶条

1、待画心干透,用裁刀将其从墙面取下,裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分;

2、在画心四角均匀抹浆,镶上助条;

3、在助条边缘抹浆,镶上边条。

第四步:覆背

在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。

第五步:装框

已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整,镶装画框;如做成卷轴,则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆,并牵上挂绳,拴入绛色丝带。

注意事项

一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的,浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊,不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别,并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料

推荐临摹书籍

人物

白描:《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的,可以进行局部练习。

工笔设色

《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等

《簪花仕女图》局部

《虢国夫人游春图》局部

花鸟

宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。

山水

山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。

写意

国画的一种画法,用笔不苛求工细,注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画,兴起于北宋,要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓,让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。

分类

写意画分为小写意和大写意,所谓的小写意,更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实,上接元人墨花墨禽的传统;而所谓的大写意,更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情,继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。

欣赏写意画

画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力,学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读,至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。

古代写意画

现代写意画

绘画步骤

白菜、萝卜画法

①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄,趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶,注意笔腹含水要饱满,根据菜叶的结构、方向,分几笔画出菜叶,每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别,不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接,既不能让它们模棱模糊,又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。

②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间,迟了叶柄水分已干,画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早,草束的墨色会漫糊开来,影响其质感。总之要干湿得当,渗化适度。

③根据红萝卜的圆形结构,用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下,分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白,以表现萝卜的高光,然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下,蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感,可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时,同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点,依据结构运笔。

④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐,可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底,画出红萝卜叶柄的基部,然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇,画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。

牵牛花画法

①先画藤蔓:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画,用笔要悬腕中锋,轻快舒缓之中见遒劲,墨色要稍有变化,笔尖含水要干一点,以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子,因此,要注意全局的位置经营。

②次画叶子:用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画,注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同,这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点,每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。

③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔,用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深,基部呈白色,因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白,花型要圆润,色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾,注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。

④用三绿加一点藤黄,调成淡绿色染花蕊底色,趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白,一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托,又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓,使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点,使画面增添变化。

花球画法

①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡,花形要有变化,使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。

②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组,上边一组的叶脉墨色较深,下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡,以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨,用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。

③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶,增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄,用墨要较干,使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球,方法与前同。

④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感,又要注意花色的洁净。

枇杷画法

①用大号斗笔浸些清水,又挤去笔肚里过多的水分,乘湿蘸上墨,稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟",使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子,随画又要随时蘸点水,使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化,又有滋润丰厚的感觉。

②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓,注意用笔的圆正,以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干,换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时,笔端要稍干些,可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡,故画后面叶子时,可调点清水后去画,但注意笔端仍须稍干,以免漫糊。

③等枇杷的墨色已干,用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔,以表现枇把的立体感。

④趁色尚湿,用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大,用笔稍重,使笔尖稍微叉开,以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干,加上苔点,使画面更丰富完整。

玉兰画法

①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净,用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色,可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际,再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底,染时要见笔。

②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊,花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干,用笔要苍劲,使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干,画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。

③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应,还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理,要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握,不能等干了再画,否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。

推荐临摹书籍

山水

董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。

花鸟

恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。

人物

梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。

学习步骤

临摹

临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法,对范画可以先局部临摹,也叫分解练习,然后再临摹整幅作品,这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象,“察之者尚精,拟之者贵似”,要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造,心中就有数了。

临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较,写生为主,临摹为次,写生是源,临摹是流。

临,把画放在桌上,对着画。摹,则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上,用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”,即是学习古人或老师的技法,而被之束缚,不能变化、发展。“游魂”,就是东学一点,西学一点,浅尝辄止,不能融会贯通。“附影子”,即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户,一离开,便寸步难行,作不出画。

临摹要和默写结合起来,中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此,临摹一定要认真体会。

结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作,可以反复欣赏品味,此外还要多参观画展,汲取各家之长,开阔眼界,开拓思路,丰富技法手段,提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习,肯定会有大的进步。

写生

通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律,可以大量搜集创作素材,锻炼造型能力,进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧,在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。

写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究,铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以,纸张随便,关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程,达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。

画外功

与绘画技巧相适应,还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书(小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读)、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要,更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法,提高笔线的表现能力,加强墨晕的风骨,以书入画格调情趣自然更高。

创作

初学国画不必急于创作,应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础,苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后,可以慢慢试着进行创作。

创作阶段

第一阶段可以参考资料,借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法,按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。

第二阶段,待掌握了一定的技法之后,便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段,通过这个阶段的练习,可使技法更熟练,构图变化更丰富。

第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟,而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法,体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化,是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画,千篇一律,以情作画,变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合,是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法,用功,是会达到这一目标的。

学国画素材

花鸟素材

竹子

1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶,用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子,注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化,下笔时两头轻中间重。

2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干,待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。

牡丹

1、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣,依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头,注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。

2、整笔蘸粉色,笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞,画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。

3、整笔蘸淡绿色,笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋,墨绿加胭脂画枝条。

麻雀

1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴,最后以淡墨画胸腹。

2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部,中锋画背羽,侧锋画上下翅,浓墨画嘴,点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹,浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽,浓墨中锋画腿,浓墨画爪子。

小鸡

1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部,侧锋点出翅膀,随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛,淡墨画胸部和大腿,待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。

2、蘸浓墨,行侧锋画出头部,侧锋画翅膀,淡墨画胸部和大腿,最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。

翠鸟

1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部,运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹,淡赭石染胸部,朱砂染嘴与鸟爪,最后用藤黄染眼珠。

2、三青加花青点出头部,用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴,再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛,用淡赭石画出腹部,浓墨勾画轮廓,朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪,藤黄染眼珠。

喜鹊

蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛,浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹,画背羽留白羽,浓墨画翅羽,并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹,腿爪用浓墨勾画,鹅黄染眼珠。

学国画的好处

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。

1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段,少年时,可以以画言志;青壮年时,生活压力巨大,可以以画解压;等到年过中年,孩子都已成家立业,自己也临近退休,内心难免会有孤独之感,此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀,艺术修养的不断提升,他的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。

2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境,讲究内涵,真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情,培养艺术气息,陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你,生活中有了艺术,你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。

3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点,在学国画时,注意力集中,执笔、行笔要运气用力,这样就养成了良好的学习习惯,不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力,而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不仅能解放人的天性,给人带来满足感、成就感,而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人,随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升,所作的画作也如陈年老酒,愈发醇香,愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCwKdeaU2oYWQwxMHRQc7iL2nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqEmdewuQoIgmSxaSWqcdS3Pncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要熟悉工具,选择一套合适的工具来作画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4IGdya6CoMGQgxhcABcLHvJnqH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuAOdEcaCoYqoMxQLs5cTQPqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画使用的笔统称为毛笔,根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2uadM2GwoomCUxK2KVcW1FNnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"软毫笔以羊毫为多,鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别,各有不同的表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IC2ydCGgIoiKM8xa0eDcAS6xn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利,易于掌握和使用,其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCiodwcWkokoksx65wRcYGOMnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成,此笔软硬适中,适于勾线,也适于渲染用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm4sd4iGOoCumyxm4zWcnKlSnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔(1-2根)、大中小号白云羊毫笔(约3根)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eKdU6y0o0WmcxIuYkcTDcxnUj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意,准备硬毫笔(长锋短锋各备一支),如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等,兼毫备一支即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AuaEdQiySo6gckx29jyc06RHnHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wig4dQMkaoEogox4ghocp1vcnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔一开始不要买太多,常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置,书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkKydQMc8oAo0sxMPzscUvMdnWc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa31073262e7435891b0079bf9d26f4e","width":720},"text":"","id":"RU4odeAoGo62qSxWO8Ac3BpenNh"},,"attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ca29c9bf9874c70ab5f446996d49441","width":720},"text":"","id":"Pk0GdaOGkoWcWMxegMMcVpmZnNd"}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架就是架笔之物,是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔,以免毛笔污损他物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqGydqQkwokWkQxQMaDc4SA5n1F"},,"attrs":{"height":213,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7c497564bfe491dbc9a1950bceb7656","width":419},"text":"","id":"Qkkgd4CEaoEssAxg9XScyqiUnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8C4d82mSoIcgQxYz7dcuLy0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘就是调和颜料的容器,是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形,呈梅花状,但也有方形或其他不规则形状,质地以陶瓷类较多,而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉,通常为初学者或业余人士使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6adUiEoo0SSsxmEgAcDSJxnod"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58843f4ce362446ba7b0c94bb58ad6f6","width":326},"text":"","id":"My42dgooQocAQKxWqUJc01KIntg"},,"attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa1ac610435f490eb1fb6300d006a9ac","width":284},"text":"","id":"VE8edAEWGo4yQ8xotmbc5Q9en7b"}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国传统绘画尤重用墨,笔以达气,墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵,求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化,可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc0admkGEoAyymxkD8Rc2ooUnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以墨代色,力求单纯、明快、概括,是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化,表现各种色彩感觉,富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束,代之以感情的意匠色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGeEd6IsOo2Q0uxsHJSc3HLyn1b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKqAdyiGko4ueAxSADSceZvqnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨有很多种,市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁,北京一得阁的云头艳,红星墨液,北京墨汁,中华墨汁,曹素功墨汁,珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU2gdSM2IowaYsxOuqJckHY0nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种:一种是红星玄宗,一种是进口玄宗,其特点是浓墨显得很厚重,淡墨显得很润泽,不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiAKdg0y6o4ycMxmqwecFJ1fn4b"},,"attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/97efa27fcaba4da0b72938b8850e1458","width":335},"text":"","id":"RSGedeCGwoKiqqx8uRVciWVunIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、北京一得阁墨汁,百年老字号,价格低廉,性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳,其特点为,墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强,层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点,美中不足的便是胶性比较大,易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WaqideCGIoiUSyx4qfScwXEtnTg"},,"attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1a77679774424deebee047dbd80de3a4","width":340},"text":"","id":"LAeodAAkmo4wOgxqY5cciFDBncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、红星墨汁,安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种,一种是红星墨液,另一种是玄宗墨液(国产),玄宗墨液(国产)跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度,玄宗墨液(国产)的黑度优于红星墨液,淡墨的层次,表现效果差,笔锋交叉处,呈现糊状。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HY6Cd24Eyoas46xGrUXcpzhsnfb"},,"attrs":{"height":343,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4067fae8ce954b9d8bfcdcc4d10c1d96","width":456},"text":"","id":"LgWSdIEaWow0MWxQdPXcCfS8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、雄狮墨汁,台湾品牌,代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁,黑度强劲,层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利,合成树脂胶(零下20℃凝结),四季适宜书画,宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用,是票友和专业人士的首选。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GGUsdwWowoUSC6xqQDgcQLdZnHh"},,"attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b519c8acb494c4f950d04600a430101","width":300},"text":"","id":"Lwqwd2iGUo0u88xqbEVcDwGxn8n"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、曹素功墨汁,国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IQCgdQAGYo4o0axSQIwcTioGnLb"},,"attrs":{"height":470,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ec0d74204739466988315d9a98adc9a0","width":467},"text":"","id":"I6YSdyicOoYKAexE1lScQPCYnwg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIkudAqIkoEKwuxWk0AcD1Xtnwb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"矿物颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0gWdkw40o8i4kxgT22cz0YEnic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外,多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质,虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PI04dcOywo0giExaqAvc1ITYnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"植物颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQCcdQa2co8W4CxWMHlcAZOMnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好,透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外,大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确,忌反复修改的原因。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HgKedyU2EogG8sxuWfXc1PvNnpg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"化学颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAaCdomgWoes4Ex4Vr8cfh36nTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VowGdeOKMoUoAyxshKvcKTljnFc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"特点及用途","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0YudI62SoaW4Cx4i4Jc2EBTnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"赭石:矿物类,但其质较轻清,半透明,可单独使用,也可调和其他颜料后使用,是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中,常作为山石、树干主色,也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中,常与墨(调和后成为赭墨)或与其他色料调和,或混合使用,多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中,常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄,用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿,用于秋天石坡、土径。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iq4edcGiCoGY0ix6wAlck0MdnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朱膘:矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TsWWd8smOoO2sGxi0gLc21VmnFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朱砂:矿物类,为天然汞化物,近代也有人工合成的朱砂,遮盖力强,一般是单独使用,且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花,亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上,所有矿物颜料,除胭脂外,一般都不宜与植物色相调和。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ2GdKOIQoEiGgxkJ5NcTVPinTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石青:矿物类,遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石,是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中,将石料研磨澄汰后,按其质地轻重,又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青,多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙,染山石时,一般要分几次逐步上足色彩,待第一遍干后再着第二遍,忌在未干时反复涂抹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWmCdEQkio6UgwxEZ0CcuCXWnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石绿:矿物类,遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重,颜色较深,山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿(如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿)结合使用,此时需用套色法(或用草绿打底,待干后罩石绿;或先用石绿平涂,待干后再染草绿)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NoYUdQYweoScoMxiGYYcRUcKn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石黄:矿物类,在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kss4de8OIomieqxGoZvco02Fn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"金粉:矿物类,除一般进口金粉外,还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金,系用金箔研成,前者色正偏暖,后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画,一般在勾线时方使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GYUkd4yYioGC6ExiohJcsbS7nrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"银粉:矿物类,用途与金粉类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AaymdsuKSoogoOxqYv4cTYFFnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白粉:矿物类或人工合成,有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等,铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用,但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UOIyduE8oouUY8xPHgIcdr6tnwz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"花青:植物类或人工合成,半透明,可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和,用途极为广泛,画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和,依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨,其色为墨绿(螺青)。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIwEdo6Ygo8kCoxsvMIcl6TDncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"藤黄:植物类,是藤本植物的树脂所制,有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中,既可单独使用,又可与其他许多颜料或墨(可调成橄榄绿)调和使用,用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色,与赭石调和可成檀色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaOodkQqgoI0y2xA7ybcGu09nri"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洋红:又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成,半透明,在花鸟画中,多单独或调和后,用于画花、红叶、蔬果,用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等,在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DEYmdSmecoqa0OxC4uFcNBIHnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胭脂:植物类,为胭脂花制品,半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶,在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞,也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中,可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色,调入赭则成赭色胭脂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqamdsEyUoy0EExeyTdciiMdnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大红:与曙红色彩相近,略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EUekd2Cy0oSWikxQIsncubArn8P"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCcdgeWkoKigkxWYGzcmPM9nVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用,若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透,因此作画时对程序要心中有数,以使笔触衔接自然,达到预想效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BaKWd64syoMwK4xNdTDcdTXEnOY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草绿:约70%花青+30%藤黄调配而成,画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMYmdMig2oYqSYxSybPc4ANcnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、汁绿:约80%藤黄+15%花青+5%朱磦调和成的嫩绿色,常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SkGgdskm0oKwmyxqoxUc3OT3nwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、老绿:草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂,常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩,薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YskEd2SeMoiWCcxyoVtcczeznic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、檀香色:约70%藤黄+20%朱磦+10%三绿调配而成,加大量水以后常用来刷背景,也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VeuGdwsqoogS0SxSuz4cnXYsncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、米黄:约70%藤黄+30%赭石,主要用来刷背景,在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwU6dGcaqo6iIyxIDfyclf0anac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、三绿:石绿+白色而得,白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Omeodi0UAoAeYQxs49QczWDSnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、老赭:朱磦+墨调和而成,接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYQ0dC6WsosKkIxcFhkccU28ngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、胭脂水:胭脂色+大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条,曙红水、花青水等说法同理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgYad2C6YoiEmGxUbxRcu1aMn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、豆绿色(三绿+藤黄+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6QgdwA86oOakixQ5CjcmteAn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、墨红色(曙红+稍许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGuIdcUAkoEiwExozZLc5FWHntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、赭绿色(赭石+草绿)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EgcqdUgm4oeSq6xS26NcFNLbnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、古铜色(朱磦+墨+少许藤黄+少许曙红)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8yOdM6s8oGsAkxqy0gcAwZHnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、汁绿色(草绿+藤黄+少许朱磦)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOSSdiIeUouqU0xxGhncfMdQnv0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、灰绿色(三绿+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IGeCdOWU2oQmCuxUVsecJfYPn1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、芽绿色(汁绿+藤黄)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiumdsQUMoyg0KxAt1dcoOKIntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、米黄色(藤黄+朱磦+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyAwdiUI6oYY0ExQxLwcjug4nmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"17、桔黄色(藤黄+朱磦)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Miq2dMcwKoo8GQx48E6cl93JnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18、墨青色(花青+墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M2AqdEO0qoMasUxsb0OclJ1NnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"19、藏青蓝(酞青蓝+墨+少许石青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M4KAde8scosaOSxAZnXc99oknNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"20、绛红色(胭脂+朱磦+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiuQdagysoaGAKx2bN0cyTu0nTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"21、紫色(曙红+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nu0idIeeYomUwsxukW6cI9lznzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"22、墨绿色(草绿+少许墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F48sduamyoWuikxQf6rcAIGXnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"23、老绿色(草绿+少许胭脂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi26dmoCyoMSIuxcjCjcH1a9ncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"24、翠绿色(酞青蓝+藤黄+少许翡翠绿)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwIudC8UCogwaMx9z2OczONDncp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"25、褐色(赭石+墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8QudCUQsoMoGSxKOlAcEwGXnIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"26、檀香色(藤黄+朱磦+少许三绿)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DG4qdQcC2o2eQKx8ZCTcDtAOnjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"27、蓝灰色(花青+白粉+少许三青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCWCdqU6Ioe8SYxMj95cQxcfnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"28、豆沙色(胭脂+朱磦+少许花青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DUMCdq4eCoyMQMxagD5cfqklnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"29、土红色(朱磦+少许胭脂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ta4kdyqQMosc8qxe2urcxAgnnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"30、青绿色(草绿+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6YUd28Cioyieyx6Gzec3RYynQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"31、四绿色(三绿+白色)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ug6od4Umyo84coxEXJecopO7nMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"32、胭脂水(胭脂+大量水)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BcmgdWYcooyiO2xILldc5mc1nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"33、青灰色(花青+少许墨+白色)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiI4dO4GKoOcOIx7DWTc58lTnhD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"34、蓝色(酞青蓝+三青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dy0sdSgAyoka8Uxwn70czXkXnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"35、朱红色(朱磦+曙红)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkYsdUWAGo44uCxS8fBcCbZan7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"36、紫青色(胭脂+少许酞青蓝)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YCgmde406oSogGx2xMscGWFNn8d"},,"attrs":{"height":398,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41e1d95b6acf409292978e4241f53b42","width":533},"text":"","id":"GUowdK8sqomYOwxWE24cSjBcnuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0Aad80AeosIkOxWwr3cAZVdnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前,书画店中所售的国画颜料,从包装方式上也有两种:一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片,质量较好,且加过胶,只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料,挤出来即可使用,但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画,多使用后一种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2I6dE8wOoaY4KxcRPacyCD6nGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者选择马利、樱花牌(樱花无沉淀更细腻)都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀,蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌,另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料,又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。(比如姜思序堂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmYQdy8SWoCCOexyaN0c5V4gnsc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d67ca780bafb49768ce6ec5abe21e67d","width":661},"text":"","id":"NuOadAwKSoc4c8xop6Xc3hnWn0e"},,"attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ff72111d3cad4e8aaddb9e9ca384cfcb","width":679},"text":"","id":"TkCQd4AcAoGk6AxWfWDcXP9vnZs"}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画选生宣,工笔画选熟宣,生宣纸又分棉皮,净皮,特皮,檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮,适合大写意,洇墨厉害,多画于山水画,更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮,适应画花鸟画,墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RomedeSscoGK6qxIjKFcyLwQntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣,孰宣之分,不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感,意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣,适应画小写意,浓淡相宜,墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画,宣纸画山水画,卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQ8kdeU8coYkesxAtnBcIgz3ndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色,而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边,所以形要准,着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此,不适应反复上色,深浅掌握好,两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画,花鸟画,山水画画个一遍,熟练生巧后换卡纸画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6MQdWueCoMAiKxiEP6cLBHinUh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cmeydi622oo62axc5GCc5KqvnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸,这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强,物理性能稳定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoEqdAwUOoOa8ExeQOMc3HCensd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"徽州的宣纸最好,品牌有很多,名牌的初学者不适用,一般的就可以。除了红星,双鹿,汪同王的宣纸很好用,墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画,不用裱画,直接装框就好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWAQdyi0Go2qOcxQRz9cjK2Lnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重,好纸不一定白,太白说明增白剂太多,不利久藏;好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼,反光柔和,纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FqMmdESYooE2Ksxy3AXcw22rnZS"},,"attrs":{"height":216,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4e629ba2e44842e399767d287b8a873c","width":328},"text":"","id":"Am4ed0uoYomggExQVbucUBarnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"生宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyECdag2koYssQxWWOKcKLzpnHg"},,"attrs":{"height":208,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c31bba533585492cafc91b26446c78d7","width":463},"text":"","id":"Fi4ydYQuqo2Ek0xEAg3c3fqxnUp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熟宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuaedKyesokyOKxmr4BcooLNnrb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWG6daIQGoQQ86xIpfPclO68nhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西,常见的多为长方条形,因故也称作镇尺、压尺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JkqEdgEMeoMGgSxCok2cWHeEnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸的材质多种多样,以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多,上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案,也有动物和人物的立体形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOKSdSmMSoMka4x2F05cAup6nSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqmwdS4mWo0aEAx4GOlchOIBnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸,可以根据自己的需求购买。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYC8dYWK8occIkxeSHMcWRu6nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zkimd8eCsoqIKyxYjKwcv0WPnmf"},,"attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57243f0c12ac4ac2a2d4f06ca9f30184","width":305},"text":"","id":"OYqQdyqw2oioi4x6BHXc87uvnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8wGdqcWKoaU0gxETpkcLPljnVf"},,"attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b5898d8282046db82d471464c2fb4cd","width":289},"text":"","id":"Imk4daag2o6EwmxeKnVcfm49nSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayeydg28soweKixOoZOcnzBAnkf"},,"attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20c06990d731480aacfe82d517c892de","width":243},"text":"","id":"KcmIdOyWaogmmgx2BbKc2vWTnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCQdaIy8ougQ4xiAkycMsi1npb"},,"attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a58f33ef43a4205ad248c4132fd7f0f","width":476},"text":"","id":"LscAdyscGoACsix64rMcsswPnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TImydQeIIoC4wwxSKgqcLlapnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选,一个是葫芦蟋蟀,还有是墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOqidQW0Io4cYAxuq9jcl35Gnzd"},,"attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e914f07368d245248e45ac3d19b562b3","width":430},"text":"","id":"Q44SdguKCoqs6ex6dmmceKZQnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKgGdiCwQoMqKoxc5AEceJRKn8b"},,"attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/394dffaedd0b4c2f83a8ef9448a78c16","width":474},"text":"","id":"J8uAdCYwYo6EEaxkrilc9yXunTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqcYdgOIqoAaO2xaMLic5nOUnre"},,"attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b55ab0ed8ab445a4aa200f10913b4b60","width":493},"text":"","id":"YQEydyi42ogEcKxaTBUc5AgFnP0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwskdcgCKo6uYcxaoFwcbPi8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗是一种传统工艺品,属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具,是用来盛水洗笔的器皿,以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐,传世的笔洗中,有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地,包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等,基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中,最常见的是瓷笔洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca0wdKqaAoyk4OxBD5ecz7TTnxT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗的作用是可以润笔,在绘画中,许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu8dmoacouEUex6IgycJGgInMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8YqdIoKmoOCkqxy2B6ccbJvnUe"},,"attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f7532f28ee394cd9b403dfb752bf910b","width":422},"text":"","id":"GYISd6ew4oUiggxfl3hcCB2knqI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW40dKaswoiwAqxuIiqcOFGVn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤,因材料和工艺的差别,而产出各式各样的书画毡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQ6kd8gMMoGgIuxsnEPcGD0dnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用它衬在宣纸下面,防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸,弄得画面上一塌糊涂;衬了毛毡,因为毛毡不吸水,就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售,大小不一,根据自己的画幅大小选购。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZaOWdqUmuoGcKAxKImqcuPcqnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多,市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的,也有50厘米×70厘米的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwSgdC6y8o2qMQxiaidc6Woln8f"},,"attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c331930a1624282be0d17bd4a607c02","width":600},"text":"","id":"E2CMd2ewUoOCiKxEpVpcZ5znnAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"购买之前,务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小,一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米,小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度,以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说,质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚,有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡,对于国画初学者来说就够了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QIUadsS04oAKkUxQvg1cGyrUnkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果要画大幅的作品,那就需要买大的厚的毛毡,更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强,显然也更合适。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZcoGdYiiCoAWK2xALqZcwtN0n3e"},,"attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27d7901b4e3546fcb514d974743cdcf2","width":600},"text":"","id":"B2yYd8mSco6Ikox6kaXcGIhLn2g"},{"type":"h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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyKqdYcSIoSQEOxgvxjcK5N3nOf"},,"attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a17d188e11e74dbb8a5a8c5e1d042a7a","width":419},"text":"","id":"MkWOdKg8womiE0xNUegclekznzB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔,工即工整工细之意,敷色也层也渲染,显得浑厚浓重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYqsdo6cGoQQ8WxaQbdcSqLun5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的,根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀,贯穿着整个事物形体的始终,表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此,线条成为画面的统领者,其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ci4AdekCCoQoOOxOUTZczfhxn2d"},,"attrs":{"height":464,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/83f4ec74e2274ab896eb97716b139b2b","width":503},"text":"","id":"HISYdccQGouIqMxMTZDcMfJUnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意——只写物象的大意,用笔简练流畅,笔墨自然,不用色的写意画,又称“水墨画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N2akdo4cKoa46sxgbH3ciPnZnjg"},,"attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ab4a9407042489d9cfaee0597cf3fda","width":615},"text":"","id":"BQo2dWOSyoYiGmxUjBfcqRQInRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线,中间用墨或用色平涂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZysYd8QGWo8OMExoT1HcfN9RnPc"},,"attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f95bbf90a263427abe21e98eeaa39848","width":400},"text":"","id":"UIasduq0yo6scixyKIrc70Cxnag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗,比写意要工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},,"attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b6a43c83c5f499892d8fd5bd085b460","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有细——如花草画得粗,但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},,"attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c53e5df871044d9ae06de6690b34c71","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},,"attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa45b0531e1b4882906302a75b418c63","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展,用大块墨色,再运用自然形成的浓淡,加上较细的笔道,有的地方还露出飞白,这样才见精神。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},,"attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c449c22ed9db49f7a92b956127ca3ae5","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画,主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物,如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等,以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},,"attrs":{"height":658,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39e9f26ad9df4720b0dccf043134bf3d","width":658},"text":"","id":"FgGydEcwiossIYxCJf6cOqtUnmI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情,画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青(可分头青、二青、三青等三种)、石绿(也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种),白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种,即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合,可以调出许多种颜色来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},,"attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/538d351861514acb9ac7514b0dcda515","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线,完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳,因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多,因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感,但亦不能淡而失神,要使浓淡相宜,才具有清新神韵的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},,"attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6860a91fc0444f3b6688f5dbf80bdb3","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZgwadAyWioOiQixqigXc1jJgn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分,然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色,既能融合一体,又能显示墨的韵味,才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IaucdcImyoKUwsxQP8ccHfl2nkd"},,"attrs":{"height":463,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41fe9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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8cqdYAKYoKO28x4MBDc3GIanNe"},,"attrs":{"height":487,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/763fe3f55b10419ab0b5788a953e50d3","width":491},"text":"","id":"Wg0adkugComCEKxAVNRcdNhvnAf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOo4dCiayo8SMwxeO9Ycv4U7nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色,有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染,具有独特的表现形式和造型规律,并富有韵味。用线的变化,要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重,由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久,通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造,积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验,仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VuwSdgy8QoiuEQxWfQ7cEN6sn66"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性,可以完美地刻划各种现象,表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAuWdO04yoo66SxWqGlcUIqMn0b"},,"attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d5798f6f71eb41f6961cd2daddf656a4","width":581},"text":"","id":"HuIgdesUKouG0OxslVicyP2PnTd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DO8qdswg4oOmIKxchB0clfHtnyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的,也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的,例如花用淡墨勾,叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好,然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的,是加重质感和浓淡的变化,使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然,更防止受原线路的约束,否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现,从某咱意义上说来,它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯,对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排,层次要分明,在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性,防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgiGdMa4wouaKaxsvefcpHYznEC"},,"attrs":{"height":1025,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8381750d01824193bcccd16eceb4163c","width":708},"text":"","id":"GgKedkqsAouqy0xyl8lckvFznpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刘公华白描仕女图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUUedwEMYoyKmGx5YnBcszIPnyK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KeWudmeuAooYmgxF6AccWkZWnJH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法,是以线条勾勒轮廓,然后敷色。随着绘画的发展,为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和(凸凹),因地质的结构不同,表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HcQ4dgmQsomiUux05AmcqsMLnS6"},,"attrs":{"height":1215,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76985dc552b247529e286cda5a55b53b","width":614},"text":"","id":"Ju8udkKcUogGUMx8S0WcqwepnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石涛深山秋水图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMoId6GyUoKWicxuqb1cPOHMnze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIeUdE0okouyYOxAnY1cdmS9nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有(1)披麻皴、(2)乱麻皴、(3)芝麻皴、(4)大斧劈、(5)小斧劈皴、(6)卷云皴、(7)雨点皴(雨雪皴)、(8)弹涡皴、(9)荷叶皴、(10)矾头皴、(11)骷髅皴、(12)鬼皮皴、(13)解索皴、(14)、乱柴皴、(15)牛毛皴、(16)马牙皴、(17)斫皴、(18)点错皴;(19)豆瓣皴、(20)刺梨皴(豆瓣皴之变)、(21)破网皴、(22)折带皴、(23)泥里拨钉皴、(24)拖泥带水皴、(25)金碧皴、(26)没骨皴、(27)直擦皴、(28)横擦皴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aq8cdKc4koa2y4xKM2ec7Hkhn9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WecAdyeUoosiWUxqSyac6C5mnwq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古人说“墨即是色”,浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿,只干不湿太瘠枯,只湿不干太臃肿,浓淡干湿结合起来,变化多,生动而有气韵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMi4de24moCG0oxARHscb9KmnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨之法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmadOW2moWgmSxigdwcGcXjnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨,用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑,否则焦墨孤立,难见笔意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi2gdm4mAoSkcmxykHQcLEEwnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"积墨:用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次,有一种深厚的味道。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKKodqUCqoWQYoxYtZucbZJxngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破墨:先用淡墨上纸,趁湿用湿墨加上,化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转,略似鱼鳞,由浓渐淡,参差不齐,谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeUYdII6Ao8CyixWYQWcTIm7nKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔六要","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkWSdUyk2oeqaaxgxMycxtGnnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一要自然有力,切忌呆滞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgwUdEmQCoy24OxywMqccv1fnpq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二要变化而有联系,要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用,既有变化,还要互相联系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkEwdOiwIoC6i6xGeifcbRuwnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三要苍老而滋润,苍老就显出含蓄的笔力,用笔光滑就显得雅嫩,过于苍老亦易枯燥,故须在苍老中滋润,也就是干湿并用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0WdaUqIoCQ0AxGFHFcgL2Hnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四要松灵而凝炼,松灵比自然更进一步,要活泼轻松有生趣,切忌油滑、轻浮,轻松之中要有重厚,凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PC6QdsqcYo4YC0xdCi4chTaPnJN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五要刚柔相济,即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚,刚健的锋中要参以巧运,“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCiAdQeUmoyakKxUFiyccL1vnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六要巧拙互用,用笔朴质显得老实,故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙,在拙笔中夹几笔巧,应巧拙互用,方为得法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAIydWGImo4AuwxA5EOchZpvnhg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N80qdKkIqoEegIxuabdc9501nLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG8EdIqOcoyIooxY7jScEUU6nUf"},,"attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fea3659ff3dd4b6da012c7a055f68899","width":720},"text":"","id":"QUgSdqommoQy2KxkXe1cUPp7nTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的笔法有六种,分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WkoadosWaosIk0xG5BKcKD3dnob"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J28adcUQso26ACxmgescrkcDn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8IOd8qQ0o4okYxOqewcHqtfnvc"},,"attrs":{"height":667,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3223481cd799429dbb6657ee9fa19232","width":720},"text":"","id":"Sm66dA0WwoEcaWxmCJLcGF76n11"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K88kduUUUoUYyaxmGnwcPFaanCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VwqcdEwO8o4uq6xUpaWc7S98nXc"},,"attrs":{"height":572,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e276677b0d4f491e92805d832b573a28","width":720},"text":"","id":"EmU8do20co6EEyxiOeRcoKTVnkg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMIydG0GUoGAy4xWAobcHFJ0nWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大,笔锋聚散,松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬,力透纸背,但缺少柔劲。不可常用,适可而止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqGwdYyEMoOqeixQrakcD6uAnae"},,"attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5459b9bc97d34767b4e7214de5dcb0d1","width":720},"text":"","id":"X4q6dykcWoOYOkxchR2cbn68ngh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4EUdIacuoii4QxGKk4c3c5Mnhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"于藏锋的运笔刚好相反,它以笔尖着纸,故意露出笔锋,收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKmEdEAAook4KUxcV12cT3aNnyb"},,"attrs":{"height":670,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ed17f41112ba4887b51768a4c1ae66e5","width":720},"text":"","id":"A6gqdkSKEoSWOYx2gWEceI8lnLG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CeWqd8GIyo2m6GxIHwpc7vGInle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔锋要藏而不露,画出的线条才沉着含蓄,力透纸背。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gi0ydSwe2ooyuyxc1zScvHdqn8Y"},,"attrs":{"height":577,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/42fa82b8a251498fb0539707de50c7b7","width":720},"text":"","id":"NAeOdscsqo4SO8x2g7xc8ob9nnb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"顺锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOMQdEwAKoqgEqx2V4BcBgOXnig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"运笔与逆锋相反,采用拖笔运行,画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pko4dMokWoO4WCxS45gcMY9mnpg"},,"attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"顺锋","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63b50b5d54eb4aebad9b0cb1dcebef91","width":720},"text":"","id":"DIwWdcieioU86Ox4tPtcb1YWnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"扩展资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQo8dUAmgo02AsxUDPlcROWynGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓笔法,写字作画用笔的方法,即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现,所用工具都是尖锋毛笔,要使书画的线条点画富有变化,必先讲究执笔,在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法,称为“笔法”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YkucdS6qUoqKOyxuwB5c6tGGnR3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画有着自己明显的特征,讲究“气韵生动”,不拘泥于物体外表的肖似,而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”,追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa0QdooUQoyEwMxeAgvcbRicnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究笔墨神韵,笔法要求:平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色,焦、浓、重、淡、清。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gg6EdM6kEogoMQxCRk3ciyysntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究“骨法用笔”,不讲究焦点透视,不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU4YdYMCIoQa4sx0c4ocpZoCnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JYYEd6082o4GW8x4uK0cmVODnac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画分科","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeuUd4momoUeoExGOA3c3COsn1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画总分为工笔和写意两种,大致又分工笔花鸟,工笔山水,工笔人物,写意花鸟,写意山水,写意人物等。写意用生宣,工笔用熟宣,也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Laq0dqaaqoIYEAxAZX9cyXQFnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的细分科按形式分,工笔,写意;工笔讲究“工”,用笔细致,需要细细勾勒反复渲染的;写意讲“意”,用笔洒脱,以形写神,一笔到位。按题材分,人物、花鸟、山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ye2WdaUC8ocwCMxUbkecu2EMnsb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQkedcOaeo8wOgxMHXlcvaoqnrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BK62dmyuwoQgasxk5kPcde9Znad"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSaGdY4MkoYumKxQrc6cLMTWnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿,或直接拷贝临本,用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上,铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上,特别是用绢画时,这样可以避免画稿变形,铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIOIdasY6oCeMgxczSWce5Kin1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以去买个拷贝台,把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上,再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝,这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGoUdMIw6o4mYMxs9mNcwU02nyf"},,"attrs":{"height":328,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7aba240186f8415c8d23212c2288a6cb","width":430},"text":"","id":"S0ukdeec6ouMEaxcJ7NcRRGznke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSaQdMKqsoU8ssxQl1NccVmLn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求:先在画板上裱贴一张白纸,待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个:如何绷娟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIOadU4W4ocGu4xCWWacelN0nQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所需材料:图钉、浆糊、水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAmIdEwIGo8uwWxKCh9cARXNnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先,把框子装好,然后把绢放在框子上摆好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jcsideqeyoq84mxYDW9c7Cm7nUf"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/378593985d7247548856177840db930a","width":480},"text":"","id":"Vs4Idym8EoAi2wxySmjcMZ9Dn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、然后,在绢的一头按上图钉,另一边喷水,慢慢展开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DeQadQaO4o80omxSs4fciWqqnMh"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b1a16ddf74a4581ae2542b99476eca3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AA4wd6u26oe4uAxop4icQyLLn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、喷湿后慢慢调整,差不多了可以涂浆糊,继续调整。不要特别紧,因为绢干了也会收缩,另外绢本身有织的纹路,拉扯变形了就不好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIiadA4Imoag4CxYzaUcg3edn0e"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3aca1c113154a26834550f9c1291912","width":480},"text":"","id":"FCMGd8AOuomKYUxoXzSc0qtAnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊,折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQmSdGaWsoWge4x2f42cKwZPnTs"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f51fbc4baf2c48339a3079c61f5a8d1f","width":480},"text":"","id":"L8iWdksMYoGuAqxKACicnZ2ZnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、等干了就可以上色了,看看效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiusdcoyioMmkSxMN6Ic6ICMnAf"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/362b1268ea24474b89ef9f5bc354a337","width":481},"text":"","id":"UK6gduis8oq80MxGWorcK09Qn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HkwudGAwyoO8W2xM1eqcDB0QnRW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草稿:使用铅笔打草稿,纸张不要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AmUudeWY8ogEmkxwjK8c9DAnnTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、过稿:将草稿放置在拷贝台上,上面覆一层熟宣,使用勾线笔(花枝俏、小叶筋等均可)将画稿勾在宣纸上,这样的作品称为白描。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCIOdOeuyoU8Aex2rXxc6SNKnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、渲:在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗,方法是:使用两支较大的笔(一般为大白云)一支蘸墨,一支蘸水,先点墨,在墨没干之前用水渲开,造成一个自然的过渡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VE4mdMuk8oeK22xkhvzchoEKnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、染:方法和渲的步骤差不多,不过使用的是国画颜料,这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实,一般要进行多次,有“三矾九染”之说。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LGGcdsoO2ou4AqxKgWKcFxtGnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGQIdkIiyoc8scxkPECcFZCOnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋,工笔人物画中以中锋为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYAKda4uKosaiixAj2hc4zD0n7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋:中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中,始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是:笔力饱满,内涵丰富。外柔内刚,极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整,并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化,适当时加入清水调试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKqEdcMQAo4ao6xOWWLcyBZNn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋:侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度,笔尖不在墨线中间,笔尖在墨线一侧,并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCWwdu2U6oksu6xo1pCcaYTRnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线用笔的起止很重要,每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”,这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XkcWdsME4ooGQoxkhnJcBxRKnTc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9424f151629346aea31f61353108e8ba","width":448},"text":"","id":"MqUwdgUooogeY2xGyEacXyeBnSc"},,"attrs":{"height":235,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/632de4513c7049449ee62d8f5ea4d1af","width":444},"text":"","id":"BqUadgGQuo6Q2UxqmSkcI66lnib"}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCsoax6XYYcdWqPnhd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"着染","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCsoax6XYYcdWqPnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法,分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法,以体现山脉特有的肌理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bmy2dAAMWoMa4kxQhtrc4CQLn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分染:是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时,准备一支笔蘸色,一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色,它的优点是色彩厚重饱和,层次变化丰富,表现力强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E4sGdKoYMoOkCOxSqtqcq6mcnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"罩染:绘画,在着色时,先铺底,后罩色,这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色,颜色应厚重一些,可以层层复加。由深到淡,要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色,颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点,目的是使二者相得益彰,产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染,可罩染花青和赭石等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SukOdgkA8o6KOmxEJMzcqTSpntc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"背染:在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重,丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法,植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的,要想画的细腻,这些动作可能要重复很多遍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qk6QdYOAeoW4CuxmgdWc6DfGnCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YAwmdMKugoE6yCxIdlBcKnUnn3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有些地方染完颜色后,之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了,需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡,颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气,线条尽量保持流畅,毕竟是附在最上面的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoyIdcoSGoYYauxSulRcPdvInne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"刷胶矾水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWGcd6ismoQyMex0gabc60O9nVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为了防止熟绢跑矾,在设色之前,要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸,称作生绢、生宣,是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸,其性能发生了改变,称之为熟绢、熟宣,适合画工笔画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyQQdO68goQMoCxsdhvcJBTBnpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PE8MdSAAOoK6ekxSE2gcz6rCnue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶:黄明胶,又名广胶,颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟,去掉浮灰,加入热水搅拌,胶粒全部溶解后即可,但不能用开水,开水会使粘度降低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FAu0dMGeso6Ckcxcxj9cnKGen6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矾:又称明矾,主要产自安徽庐江,头天用凉水浸泡,第二天用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O62GdCmywoWscoxKAwQczRPanjd"},,"attrs":{"height":472,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cd2fcf6dc5054693b817904765868a0e","width":726},"text":"","id":"YsWAdsiumoQ8Kwxu6qPchPYtnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当,矾大胶小,染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔,墨、色易脱落等问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L6oOdAy8MocwS6xMxAacSfq7nid"},,"attrs":{"height":471,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9eb85ef6ff5c4114a12fae0eb3682449","width":675},"text":"","id":"VW8mdaeK6ok6uaxu8X8c21vDnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、刷胶矾水,刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天,温度过低胶矾会很快凝固,不易刷匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KM8OdSAKGoy0qmx8j74cjzpRnEq"},,"attrs":{"height":478,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a5d66c0138cb4537964255d48e554279","width":594},"text":"","id":"WsKmd4AY2owcYux4IzOcnJTInSe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装裱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"REk8dwSamo8MQ2xvTkyc00aBnfZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古语有云:“三分字画,七分裱”,精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护,同时也能起到烘托字画,突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后,再用绞、绢、纸等镶边,然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的,但其成品按形制可分为挂轴,手卷,册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途,都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IEOOdkmiUoyUSixUnWEc61sZnwo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一步:观察字画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QowedGGayoIcASxwGqsc3PbAn9x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"揣摩原作的气度,以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WUCOdGE8ioowuSxM5VqcK7P9nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二步:托裱画心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8gcdYAmmoQsMixKYzicaxbNn4x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上,用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C0smdKGyoowwigxOIi6cnviKnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时,用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOEWdCqskosee0xSLwkchJoNneR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷,一手持略大于画心的托纸,对齐一边,用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸,逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面;","id":""}],"text":"","id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\"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiwcdUqKAoSOEcxYegCc4smpn6I"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa2AdEUWSo0OsMxQvDcc52K1n0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画分为小写意和大写意,所谓的小写意,更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实,上接元人墨花墨禽的传统;而所谓的大写意,更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情,继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rww8dI6gqo68wcxi8OscKoG6nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZSsGdIo6eoimYWxwdSdc7AXDnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力,学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读,至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MegmdmaMEomwOExv7yzcXLTmngM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N4sedmeYYoiW4ExQJVCcHZ3unrh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c088dbaeb5d04246b71a1b55e1ca877f","width":720},"text":"","id":"Gw8cdYUQsoI2AWxes0Ncan0Knib"},,"attrs":{"height":644,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20a74f2fd088486ea4e6470a150757b2","width":720},"text":"","id":"JoiMdmCsgoOagCxs1OZcQq9ennc"}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":517,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df0ab52f496a452a97dd018ec91fff18","width":720},"text":"","id":"HwuMdUUeCoI6UGxAnmOcq3hLnHb"},,"attrs":{"height":356,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5a59f40b52b84887be02f8b082e62c17","width":720},"text":"","id":"CCAQdk6kWoasioxWsvdcocQMnKe"}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QO2GdicsmoqSs4xyYXJcUvahn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄,趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶,注意笔腹含水要饱满,根据菜叶的结构、方向,分几笔画出菜叶,每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别,不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接,既不能让它们模棱模糊,又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HmoGdkwgGo6KIGxsxTPcU32Rnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间,迟了叶柄水分已干,画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早,草束的墨色会漫糊开来,影响其质感。总之要干湿得当,渗化适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JGccdCuwqooIE2xkT68cm0FRn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③根据红萝卜的圆形结构,用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下,分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白,以表现萝卜的高光,然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下,蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感,可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时,同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点,依据结构运笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ViS4dOwU0oSaQmxAdbqcflkYn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐,可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底,画出红萝卜叶柄的基部,然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇,画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AueOd44GIo4SyIxIRHQcBgsCnoh"},,"attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6e2892135836482dbce4cc7eceb9f122","width":640},"text":"","id":"Saw8dee8OoG06MxcLtGcvpNin2b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZyeOdWSukoOS2uxiy64cNnGRnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画藤蔓:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画,用笔要悬腕中锋,轻快舒缓之中见遒劲,墨色要稍有变化,笔尖含水要干一点,以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子,因此,要注意全局的位置经营。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm8ad2SyaoC2yExA9YjcBdJDn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②次画叶子:用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画,注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同,这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点,每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmM0dGmygowgIuxevmacyxBRnrl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔,用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深,基部呈白色,因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白,花型要圆润,色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾,注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWqUdEgIKoogYqx9LOnc0oeonbI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④用三绿加一点藤黄,调成淡绿色染花蕊底色,趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白,一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托,又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓,使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点,使画面增添变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCYMd2cWioq02SxGYvkcT4rvnCg"},,"attrs":{"height":1251,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ced7218932a4305b3fc7e2dfb76fbf6","width":640},"text":"","id":"LA0UdiIgwoUcKcxmskAc6eZHnLh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O2I4dkMA8owiWOxa8fBchHWgnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡,花形要有变化,使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F20qdog2yo4AowxN8G7cWlAVndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组,上边一组的叶脉墨色较深,下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡,以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨,用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmmedCie4oWUw2xeSPPcfLFMn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶,增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄,用墨要较干,使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球,方法与前同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiaodA4U4oCKq4xwltIccakdnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感,又要注意花色的洁净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCMydgQG8oeUgaxQp5qcPqcTnSl"},,"attrs":{"height":236,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac45985132384544afb5399603c1fd77","width":236},"text":"","id":"TM42decykoI4W8xApRncKFk4nre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FO4cdKaukooQQSxmBUJcAc6Vnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用大号斗笔浸些清水,又挤去笔肚里过多的水分,乘湿蘸上墨,稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太\"熟\",使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子,随画又要随时蘸点水,使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化,又有滋润丰厚的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Veemd4ImyoUwQmxasXvcXA2engd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓,注意用笔的圆正,以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干,换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时,笔端要稍干些,可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡,故画后面叶子时,可调点清水后去画,但注意笔端仍须稍干,以免漫糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQYwdoa4CoYkkAxUfhQcUh4JnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③等枇杷的墨色已干,用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔,以表现枇把的立体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FgUcdMGIKoqycyxwbZ4c3oManoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④趁色尚湿,用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大,用笔稍重,使笔尖稍微叉开,以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干,加上苔点,使画面更丰富完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcUkdsaKMogc4sxgxmocfKaGnyc"},,"attrs":{"height":595,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbc94dd7d05946a5a087ec26ddde8828","width":640},"text":"","id":"FS6odSgGwom02Ax4KgXcV66Ynqe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BOgydC2Ceoq2aOxEZCbcVQ0yn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净,用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色,可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际,再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底,染时要见笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SC8ede0ueo2GGWxSqt8cE0Vpnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊,花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干,用笔要苍劲,使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干,画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOsGdUIUMoqaMKxqOOgcAyMynPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应,还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理,要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握,不能等干了再画,否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkeQdCaSwouOk6xoW0kcVwa0nzP"},,"attrs":{"height":717,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/70141db5b5444287897af0b72f516de5","width":658},"text":"","id":"ZyqAdMIEcoE82oxeGJqczMHcnkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XyMgdWQ8GoCWMgx2xGhcp96BnAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PYkWdaQcaoAy28xgv52cNhuknxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOWSdowekogEIix6GP2chtjnnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ReUudquCYoKKs4xxjqhcEJpnntu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ey8YdwGaco8KaAxkN50c1DV9nDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc2WdQo0Mo0CG8xOqMmceT8Andg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BG0adIKiUoWqIExItVjcgbmDn5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSMcdYyqsoQIKIxkRXtcfGHAnQg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Js2Yda4yuoM8GkxSwqOcSdLXnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法,对范画可以先局部临摹,也叫分解练习,然后再临摹整幅作品,这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象,“察之者尚精,拟之者贵似”,要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造,心中就有数了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW2Gd6MC4og2ysxeDe6c07Z1nZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较,写生为主,临摹为次,写生是源,临摹是流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOMcdAw6SoeC2SxWKG8cTYfhnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临,把画放在桌上,对着画。摹,则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上,用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”,即是学习古人或老师的技法,而被之束缚,不能变化、发展。“游魂”,就是东学一点,西学一点,浅尝辄止,不能融会贯通。“附影子”,即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户,一离开,便寸步难行,作不出画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fim4dg20oowmIcxkNl5csVeGnlf"},{"type":"paragrap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